Research on school and instructional quality is concentrated in the area of general education schools. Developments are taken into perspective across many years. Large scale, sometimes international questionnaire-based assessments of achievement (surveys, Large Scale Assements) are complemented with qualitative studies and longitudinal studies, to assess the effectiveness of interventions.
Research on effectiveness also includes the analysis of reciprocal effects of curricular and extracurricular factors and of individual and institutional developments.
