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(Schlagwörter: "Physiologie")

Effects of positive reinforcement training and novel object exposure on salivary cortisol levels […] Hambrecht, Susan; Oerke, Ann-Kathrin; Heistermann, Michael; Hartig, Johannes; Dierkes, Paul W. Journal Article | In: Animals | 2021 42306 Endnote: Author(s): Hambrecht, Susan; Oerke, Ann-Kathrin; Heistermann, Michael; Hartig, Johannes; Dierkes, Paul W.
Title: Effects of positive reinforcement training and novel object exposure on salivary cortisol levels under consideration of individual variation in captive African elephants (loxodonta africana)
In: Animals, 11 (2021) 12, S. 3525
DOI: 10.3390/ani11123525
URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123525
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Elefant; Training; Stress; Zoo; Tierhaltung; Tierbeobachtung; Physiologie; Reaktion <Physiol>; Tierpflege; Tierverhalten
Abstract (english): Dealing with potential stress in species that have high husbandry requirements, such as elephants, is a challenge for zoos. The objective of the present study was to determine whether positive reinforcement training (PRT) and exposure to a novel object (NOV) for enrichment induced a salivary cortisol response indicative of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and which factors determine individual variation in this regard in captive African elephants. We repeatedly sampled the saliva of ten animals (three zoos) for the analysis of cortisol (SACort) before and up to 60 min (in 10-15 min intervals) after the onset of PRT (three repeats) or NOV (nine repeats), which lasted 10 min. There was considerable individual variation in SACort in response to PRT or NOV. Using mixed models, we were able to control these and to reveal that PRT was associated with high SACort before and relatively low SACort after PRT, while NOV induced a moderate SACort increase. The individual differences in SACort were related to age and sex (NOV), while the effects of zoo, handling method (free vs. protected contact) and reproductive and social status were variable. We conclude that positive affective states, such as anticipation or arousal, should be taken into account when interpreting the differences in the SACort responses between PRT and NOV. In addition, understanding the individuality of stress will support management decisions aimed at promoting captive elephant welfare. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen

Psychological structure and neuroendocrine patterns of daily stress appraisals Sicorello, Maurizio; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Koehler, Friederike; Voss, Andreas; […] Journal Article | In: Psychoneuroendocrinology | 2021 41087 Endnote: Author(s): Sicorello, Maurizio; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Koehler, Friederike; Voss, Andreas; Ditzen, Beate
Title: Psychological structure and neuroendocrine patterns of daily stress appraisals
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, 127 (2021) , S. 105198
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105198
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-251697
URL: https://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2022/25169/pdf/PNEC_2021_Sicorello_et-al_Psychological-structure-and-neuroendocrine_A.pdf
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Stress; Bewertung; Selbstbeobachtung; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Neurophysiologie; Hormonphysiologie; Psychologische Forschung; Psychosomatik; Neuropsychologische Messung; Mehrebenenanalyse; Deutschland
Abstract: Threat and challenge are two fundamental appraisal concepts of psychological stress theories, determined by the mismatch between demands and resources. Previous research has predominantly investigated the neuroendocrine correlates of stress appraisal in laboratory contexts during acute demanding situations. We tested whether the psychoneuroendocrinology of stress appraisals can also be investigated in naturalistic trans-contextual everyday life settings. Forty-two participants produced five daily saliva samples and provided concurrent questionnaire data on subjective stress, demands, resources, and the threat-challenge continuum over the course of five days (69% female; mean age = 22.8, range = 18-30 years). Momentary salivary cortisol and alpha amylase were predicted with three-level autoregressive linear mixed models. We found that both momentary cortisol and alpha amylase were elevated during higher subjective stress. In contrast, cortisol was not significantly related to a bipolar threat-challenge indicator. Moreover within-person response surface analyses showed no effect of the mismatch between demands and resources on either physiological stress indicator, but confirmed theoretically proposed effects on subjective threat-challenge, which was replicated in another intensive longitudinal (N = 61) and a large cross-sectional sample (N = 1194). In sum, our study (a) suggests robust relations between subjective stress and HPA/SAM axis activity on a moment-to-moment basis and (b) confirms theoretical predictions concerning stress appraisal and the mismatch between demands and resources on a psychological level. In contrast, no neuroendocrine patterns of threat-challenge were found, suggesting that neuroendocrine patterns might be context-specific and do not apply to a general demand-resource imbalance in everyday life. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

Analysis of the "D'oh!" moments. Physiological markers of performance in cognitive switching tasks Buraha, Tetiana; Schneider, Jan; Di Mitri, Daniele; Schiffner, Daniel Book Chapter | Aus: De Laet, Tinne; Klemke, Roland; Alario-Hoyos, Carlos; Hilliger, Isabel; Ortega-Arranz, Alejandro (Hrsg.): Technology-enhanced learning for a free, safe, and sustainable world: 16th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2021, Bolzano, Italy, September 20-24, 2021, proceedings | Cham: Springer | 2021 41326 Endnote: Author(s): Buraha, Tetiana; Schneider, Jan; Di Mitri, Daniele; Schiffner, Daniel
Title: Analysis of the "D'oh!" moments. Physiological markers of performance in cognitive switching tasks
In: De Laet, Tinne; Klemke, Roland; Alario-Hoyos, Carlos; Hilliger, Isabel; Ortega-Arranz, Alejandro (Hrsg.): Technology-enhanced learning for a free, safe, and sustainable world: 16th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2021, Bolzano, Italy, September 20-24, 2021, proceedings, Cham: Springer, 2021 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12884), S. 137-148
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_11
URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_11
Publication Type: 4. Beiträge in Sammelbänden; Tagungsband/Konferenzbeitrag/Proceedings
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Analyse; Lernbeobachtung; Lernprozess; Multimodalität; Psychophysiologie; Kognition; Sensor
Abstract (english): The link between the body and mind has fascinated philosophers and scientists for ages. The increasing availability of sensor technologies has enabled the possibility to explore this link even deeper, providing some evidence that certain physiological measurements such as galvanic skin response can have in the performance of different learning activities. In this paper, we explore the link between learners' performance of cognitive tasks and their physiological state with the use of Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA). We used MMLA tools and techniques to collect, annotate, and analyze physiological data from 16 participants wearing an Empatica E4 wristband while engaging in task-switching cognitive exercises. The collected data include temperature, blood volume pulse, heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, and screen recording from each participant while performing the exercises. To examine the link between cognitive performance we applied a preliminary qualitative analysis to galvanic skin response and tested different Artificial Intelligence techniques to differentiate between productive and unproductive performance. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Informationszentrum Bildung

The importance of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex for associative memory in older adults. A […] Brehmer, Yvonne; Nilsson, Jonna; Berggren, Rasmus; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin Journal Article | In: NeuroImage | 2020 39821 Endnote: Author(s): Brehmer, Yvonne; Nilsson, Jonna; Berggren, Rasmus; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin
Title: The importance of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex for associative memory in older adults. A latent structural equation analysis
In: NeuroImage, 209 (2020) , S. 116475
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116475
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-191394
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/19139/pdf/NeuroImage_2020_Brehmer_et_al_The_importance_of_the_ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex_A.pdf
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Assoziation; Gegenstand; Gedächtnis; Älterer Erwachsener; Älterer Mensch; Individuum; Unterschied; Ursachenforschung; Neurophysiologie; Hirnforschung; Strukturgleichungsmodell
Abstract: Older adults show relatively minor age-related decline in memory for single items, while their memory for associations is markedly reduced. Inter-individual differences in memory function in older adults are substantial but the neurobiological underpinnings of such differences are not well understood. In particular, the relative importance of inter-individual differences in the medio-temporal lobe (MTL) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) for associative and item recognition in older adults is still ambiguous. We therefore aimed to first establish the distinction between inter-individual differences in associative memory (recollection-based) performance and item memory (familiarity-based) performance in older adults and subsequently link these two constructs to differences in cortical thickness in the MTL and lateral PFC regions, in a latent structural equation modelling framework. To this end, a sample of 160 older adults (65-75 years old) performed three intentional item-associative memory tasks, of which a subsample (n = 72) additionally had cortical thickness measures in MTL and PFC regions of interest available. The results provided support for a distinction between familiarity-based item memory and recollection-based associative memory performance in older adults. Cortical thickness in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex was positively correlated with associative recognition performance, above and beyond any relationship between item recognition performance and cortical thickness in the same region and between associative recognition performance and brain structure in the MTL (parahippocampus). The findings highlight the relative importance of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in allowing for intentional recollection-based associative memory functioning in older adults. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

Nicht-monetäre Erträge von Bildung in den Bereichen Gesundheit, nicht-kognitive Fähigkeiten sowie […] Becker, Michael; Brose, Anette; Camehl, Georg; Graeber, Daniel; Huebener, Mathias; […] (Hrsg.) Compilation Book | Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung | 2019 39203 Endnote: Editor(s) Becker, Michael; Brose, Anette; Camehl, Georg; Graeber, Daniel; Huebener, Mathias; von Keyserlingk, Luise; Krekel, Christian; Maaz, Kai; Marcus, Jan; Margaryan, Shushanik; Möwisch, Dave; Paul, Annemarie; Peter, Frauke; Schmiedek, Florian; Schnitzlein, Daniel; Schupp, Jürgen; Siedler, Thomas; Spieß, C. Katharina
Title: Nicht-monetäre Erträge von Bildung in den Bereichen Gesundheit, nicht-kognitive Fähigkeiten sowie gesellschaftliche und politische Partizipation. Endbericht des gleichnamigen Forschungsprojektes gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
Published: Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2019 (Politikberatung kompakt, 137)
URL: https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.623859.de
Publication Type: 2. Herausgeberschaft; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Deutsch
Keywords: Bildungsertrag; Gesundheit; Psychophysiologie; Kompetenz; Erwachsener; Schüler; Zufriedenheit; Grundschüler; Jugendlicher; Psychosoziale Situation; Junger Erwachsener; Politische Betätigung; Partizipation; Bürgerschaftliches Engagement; Ehrenamt; Spendensammlung; Verhalten; Selbsteinschätzung; Forschungsstand; Systematic Review; Projektbericht; Deutschland
Abstract: Im Fokus eines vom BMBF geförderten Verbundprojektes, welches im Rahmen des Förderschwerpunkts "Nicht-monetäre Erträge von Bildung" gefördert wurde, haben WissenschaftlerInnen des DIPF Berlin/Frankfurt, DIW Berlin, der Forschungsinfrastruktureinrichtung SOEP/DIW, der Universität Hamburg und der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin sich mit drei zentralen Bereichen nicht-monetärer Bildungserträge befasst: 1. Bereich: physische und psychische Gesundheit, 2. Bereich: nicht-kognitive Fähigkeiten sowie 3. Bereich: gesellschaftliche und politische Partizipation. Die drei Bereiche wurden in unterschiedlichen Teilprojekten bearbeitet. In mehreren Arbeitsmodulen der Teilprojekte wurden unterschiedliche Fragestellungen, welche diesen Ertragskategorien zuzuordnen sind, aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären Perspektiven bearbeitet. In dem vorliegenden Endbericht werden Kurzzusammenfassungen der Arbeitsergebnisse aller Arbeitsmodule zusammengestellt (Kapitel 2). Darüber hinaus wurden zu den jeweiligen Fragestellungen in den einzelnen Teilprojekten systematische Literaturüberblicke über den Stand der bisherigen Forschungsliteratur erstellt. Diese Literaturüberblicke sind dem Bericht zu entnehmen (Kapitel 3). Die in diesem Verbundprojekt entstandenen Forschungspapiere und Transferpublikationen sind teilweise bereits veröffentlicht oder im Veröffentlichungsprozess. Eine Zusammenstellung derselben findet sich am Ende dieses Berichts mit den entsprechenden Hinweisen, wo die Publikationen zu finden sind (Kapitel 4). (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung; Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

Tomorrow's gonna suck. Today's stress anticipation predicts tomorrow's post-awakening cortisol […] Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Voss, Andreas; Ditzen, Beate Journal Article | In: Psychoneuroendocrinology | 2019 39079 Endnote: Author(s): Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Voss, Andreas; Ditzen, Beate
Title: Tomorrow's gonna suck. Today's stress anticipation predicts tomorrow's post-awakening cortisol increase
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, 106 (2019) , S. 38-46
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.024
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-174748
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/17474/pdf/Kramer_2019_tomorrows_gonna_suck_A.pdf
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Stress; Psychophysiologie; Prognose; Wirkung; Tagesablauf; Bewältigung; Psychische Vorgänge; Junger Erwachsener; Messung; Schlaf; Dauer; Neuropsychologie
Abstract (english): The cortisol awakening response (a rapid rise in cortisol concentration shortly after awakening) is hypothesized to prepare the organism to cope with upcoming demands, suggesting a key role for anticipatory stress in its regulation. Yet, no thorough test of this hypothesis incorporating temporal dynamics of the underlying processes has been conducted so far. To address this gap in the literature, the present study investigated the effects of anticipated stress for the next day (assessed in the evening) on an estimate of the cortisol awakening response (assessed in the following morning). In an ambulatory assessment paradigm, 42 participants (69% female; mean age = 22.8, range = 18-30 years) completed 5 consecutive days of assessments in their daily lives, collecting saliva samples at awakening and 30 minutes later. Using hierarchical linear modeling, associations with anticipatory stress were examined separately on the within- and between-person level. In line with our expectations, anticipatory stress predicted the post-awakening cortisol increase on the within-person level, implying an elevated cortisol rise on days for which more stress than usual had been anticipated. In contrast, on the between-person level higher average anticipatory stress did not predict an increased cortisol rise. Taken together, the findings confirm a key role of anticipatory stress in the regulation of the cortisol awakening response on the within-person level. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

Sympathetic arousal commonalities and arousal contagion during collaborative learning. How attuned […] Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Järvelä, Sanna; Kirschner, Paul A. Journal Article | In: Computers in Human Behavior | 2019 38761 Endnote: Author(s): Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Järvelä, Sanna; Kirschner, Paul A.
Title: Sympathetic arousal commonalities and arousal contagion during collaborative learning. How attuned are triad members?
In: Computers in Human Behavior, 92 (2019) , S. 188-197
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.008
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-180871
URL: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-180871
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Lernen; Kollaboration; Erregung; Physiologie; Interpersonaler Einfluss; Nervensystem; Messung
Abstract: This article explores the dynamics of collaborative learning in the classroom from the perspective of the commonalities and interdependence in the degree of physiological activation from the sympathetic nervous system (i.e., sympathetic arousal) of group members. Using Empatica E4 wristbands, electrodermal activity-to derive arousal-was measured in 24 high school students working in groups of three (i.e., triads) during two runs of an advanced physics course. The participants met three times a week over six weeks for lessons of 75 min each. Most of the time (≈60-95% of the lesson) the triad members were at different arousal levels, and, when they were on the same level, it was mainly the low arousal (or deactivated) level. Less than 4% of the time were the triad members simultaneously in high arousal. Possible within-triad arousal contagion cases (71.3%) occurred mostly on a one-to-one basis and with a latency from within a few seconds up to 10 min, but usually within 1 min. This study supports the view that only small parts of group work are collaborative, as far as the synchronicity and coordination which collaboration presupposes. Although exploratory, results also illustrate the affordances of physiological measures to characterize collaborative processes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Informationszentrum Bildung

Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students? Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Kirschner, P. A.; Järvelä, S. Journal Article | In: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning | 2018 38387 Endnote: Author(s): Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Kirschner, P. A.; Järvelä, S.
Title: Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?
In: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34 (2018) 4, S. 397-408
DOI: 10.1111/jcal.12271
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-161603
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/16160/pdf/Drachsler_Profiling_sympathetic_arousal_in_the_classroom_2018_A.pdf
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Lernprozess; Analyse; Finnland; Physikunterricht; Sekundarstufe II; Schüler; Interesse; Langeweile; Einflussfaktor; Lernerfolg; Messverfahren; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Psychophysiologie; Aktives Lernen; Aufmerksamkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Emotion; Lernmotivation; Prüfung; Wirkung; Schulnoten
Abstract: Low arousal states (especially boredom) have been shown to be more deleterious to learning than high arousal states, though the latter have received much more attention (e.g., test anxiety, confusion, and frustration). Aiming at profiling arousal in the classroom (how active students are) and examining how activation levels relate to achievement, we studied sympathetic arousal during two runs of an elective advanced physics course in a real classroom setting, including the course exam. Participants were high school students (N = 24) who were randomly selected from the course population. Arousal was indexed from electrodermal activity, measured unobtrusively via the Empatica E4 wristband. Low arousal was the level with the highest incidence (60% of the lesson on average) and longest persistence, lasting on average three times longer than medium arousal and two times longer than high arousal level occurrences. During the course exam, arousal was positively and highly correlated (r = .66) with achievement as measured by the students' grades. Implications for a need to focus more on addressing low arousal states in learning are discussed, together with potential applications for biofeedback, teacher intervention, and instructional design. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Informationszentrum Bildung

On the estimation of brain signal entropy from sparse neuroimaging data Grandy, Thomas H.; Garrett, Douglas D.; Schmiedek, Florian; Werkle-Bergner, Markus Journal Article | In: Scientific Reports | 2016 36534 Endnote: Author(s): Grandy, Thomas H.; Garrett, Douglas D.; Schmiedek, Florian; Werkle-Bergner, Markus
Title: On the estimation of brain signal entropy from sparse neuroimaging data
In: Scientific Reports, 6 (2016) 23073
DOI: 10.1038/srep23073
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Gehirn; Hirnforschung; Messung; Messverfahren; Neurophysiologie
Abstract: Multi-scale entropy (MSE) has been recently established as a promising tool for the analysis of the moment-to-moment variability of neural signals. Appealingly, MSE provides a measure of the predictability of neural operations across the multiple time scales on which the brain operates. An important limitation in the application of the MSE to some classes of neural signals is MSE's apparent reliance on long time series. However, this sparse-data limitation in MSE computation could potentially be overcome via MSE estimation across shorter time series that are not necessarily acquired continuously (e.g., in fMRI block-designs). In the present study, using simulated, EEG, and fMRI data, we examined the dependence of the accuracy and precision of MSE estimates on the number of data points per segment and the total number of data segments. As hypothesized, MSE estimation across discontinuous segments was comparably accurate and precise, despite segment length. A key advance of our approach is that it allows the calculation of MSE scales not previously accessible from the native segment lengths. Consequently, our results may permit a far broader range of applications of MSE when gauging moment-to-moment dynamics in sparse and/or discontinuous neurophysiological data typical of many modern cognitive neuroscience study designs. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

The association between gray matter volume and reading proficiency. A longitudinal study of […] Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Jurcoane, Alina; Lindberg, Sven; Kaiser, Jochen; Hasselhorn, Marcus; […] Journal Article | In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | 2015 35245 Endnote: Author(s): Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Jurcoane, Alina; Lindberg, Sven; Kaiser, Jochen; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Fiebach, Christian J.; Lonnemann, Jan
Title: The association between gray matter volume and reading proficiency. A longitudinal study of beginning readers
In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27 (2015) 2, S. 308-318
DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00710
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-179838
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/17983/pdf/JoCN_2015_2_Linkersdoerfer_et_al_The_association_between_gray_matter_volume_and_reading_proficiency_A.pdf
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Deutschland; Entwicklung; Gehirn; Grundschüler; Hessen; Hirnforschung; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Lesefertigkeit; Lesenlernen; Leseunterricht; Messung; Neurophysiologie; Physiologie
Abstract: Neural systems involved in the processing of written language have been identified by a number of functional imaging studies. Structural changes in cortical anatomy that occur in the course of literacy acquisition, however, remain largely unknown. Here, [the authors] follow elementary school children over their first 2 years of formal reading instruction and use tensor-based morphometry to relate reading proficiency to cortical volume at baseline and follow-up measurement as well as to intraindividual longitudinal volume development between the two measurement time points. A positive relationship was found between baseline gray matter volume in the left superior temporal gyrus and subsequent changes in reading proficiency. Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between reading proficiency at the second measurement time point and intraindividual cortical volume development in the inferior parietal lobule and the precentral and postcentral gyri of the left hemisphere. These results are interpreted as evidence that reading acquisition is associated with preexisting structural differences as well as with experience-dependent structural changes involving dendritic and synaptic pruning. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung