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Das reziproke Zusammenspiel von Stresserleben, sozialen Beziehungen mit Peers und Lehrkräften und […] Grützmacher, Luisa; Raufelder, Diana Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht | 2019 39114 Endnote: Autor*innen: Grützmacher, Luisa; Raufelder, Diana
Titel: Das reziproke Zusammenspiel von Stresserleben, sozialen Beziehungen mit Peers und Lehrkräften und schulischer Leistung im Verlauf von früher zu mittlerer Adoleszenz
In: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 66 (2019) 2, S. 118-130
DOI: 10.2378/peu2019.art11d
URL: https://reinhardt-journals.de/index.php/peu/article/view/151390
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Deutsch
Schlagwörter: Jugendlicher; Adoleszenz; Stress; Wahrnehmung; Soziale Beziehung; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung; Schüler-Schüler-Beziehung; Peergroup; Schülerleistung; Wirkung; Modell; Korrelation; Hypothese; Gymnasium; Oberschule; Schuljahr 08; Schuljahr 09; Befragung; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Empirische Untersuchung; Brandenburg; Deutschland
Abstract: Da bisherige Forschungsbefunde nahelegten, dass sich die sozialen und motivationalen Beziehungen mit Lehrkräften und Peers, die schulische Leistung und das Stresserleben gegenseitig bedingen, zielte diese Untersuchung darauf ab, ein detailliertes Verständnis über dieses reziproke Zusammenspiel im Verlauf von früher zur mittleren Adoleszenz zu gewinnen. Aufgrund der Komplexität der sozialen Beziehungen wurden die sozio-emotionale und die sozio-motivationale Beziehungsebene berücksichtigt. Anhand einer umfangreichen Stichprobe von Lernenden, die zum ersten Messzeitpunkt in der 8. Klasse (N=1088; Mage=13.70; SD=0.53; 54% Mädchen) und zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt in der 9. Klasse waren (N=845; Mage=15.32; SD=0.49; 55% Mädchen), konnte mittels Cross-Lagged-Panel-Designs festgestellt werden, dass sich das Stresserleben auf die sozio-motivationale Beziehungsebene der Lehrkraft-Schulkind-Beziehung und die schulische Leistung der Adoleszenten auswirkten. Darüber hinaus hatte die schulische Leistung einen Effekt auf die Lehrkraft-Schulkind-Beziehung. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

Political efficacy in adolescence. Development, gender differences, and outcome relations Arens, A. Katrin; Watermann, Rainer Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Developmental Psychology | 2017 36974 Endnote: Autor*innen: Arens, A. Katrin; Watermann, Rainer
Titel: Political efficacy in adolescence. Development, gender differences, and outcome relations
In: Developmental Psychology, 53 (2017) 5, S. 933-948
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000300
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-188377
URL: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-188377
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Deutschland; Jugendalter; Adoleszenz; Jugendlicher; Politische Sozialisation; Politisches Bewusstsein; Selbstwirksamkeit; Wahrnehmung; Informationsverhalten; Wissen; Politik; Interesse; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied; Längsschnittuntersuchung
Abstract: The present study focuses on political efficacy in terms of students' competence self-perceptions related to the domain of politics. The investigation addresses the mean level development and longitudinal relations to outcome variables including gender differences. Drawing on a sample of N = 2,504 German students, political efficacy, along with meaningful outcome variables (i.e., political information behavior, political knowledge, and interest in politics), was measured at 2 measurement points, once in Grade 7 and once in Grade 10. Students' mean levels of political efficacy increased from the first to the second measurement point, and boys consistently displayed higher levels. Political efficacy demonstrated reciprocal relations to political information behavior and political knowledge, and showed a unidirectional relation to interest in politics across time. The pattern of outcome relations was invariant across gender. This study contributes to research and theory on political socialization in adolescence as it outlines temporal relations among, and gender differences in, facets of political socialization. Therefore, this study also offers new practical insights into effectively facilitating political education in adolescent students. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Development in multiple areas of life in adolescence. Interrelations between academic achievement, […] Tetzner, Julia; Becker, Michael; Maaz, Kai Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: International Journal of Behavioral Development | 2017 36869 Endnote: Autor*innen: Tetzner, Julia; Becker, Michael; Maaz, Kai
Titel: Development in multiple areas of life in adolescence. Interrelations between academic achievement, perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem
In: International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41 (2017) 6, S. 704-713
DOI: 10.1177/0165025416664432
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-150029
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-150029
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Akzeptanz; Datenanalyse; Deutschland; Geschlecht; Jugendlicher; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Peergroup; Schülerleistung; Schulform; Schuljahr 07; Schuljahr 10; Selbstwertgefühl; Vergleich
Abstract (english): This study examined interrelations between three indicators of main challenges during adolescence: academic achievement, self-perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. An additional aim was to investigate whether the findings hold for girls and boys and across school types (academically oriented track vs. non-academically oriented track). We used a large German longitudinal study (N = 7,977; mean age at t 1= 13.5 years) with three measurement points over a period of four years (start of seventh grade, end of seventh grade, end of tenth grade). Cross-lagged panel and multi-group models revealed seven main findings: (1) We found general positive associations between academic achievement, perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. (2) Higher academic achievement predicted higher self-esteem, but not vice versa. (3) Self-esteem and peer acceptance showed mutual associations, but only in older adolescents between the end of seventh and end of tenth grades. (4) Peer acceptance slightly predicted lower levels of academic achievement in students on the non-academically oriented track. (5) The results held for both girls and boys, but (6) changed over the course of adolescence and (7) differed between school types. Taken together, our findings offer comprehensive insight into the relations between salient developmental tasks in adolescence. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

Developmental problems in adolescence. A person-centered analysis across time and domains Tetzner, Julia; Kliegl, Reinhold; Krahé, Barbara; Busching, Robert; Esser, Günter Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology | 2017 37916 Endnote: Autor*innen: Tetzner, Julia; Kliegl, Reinhold; Krahé, Barbara; Busching, Robert; Esser, Günter
Titel: Developmental problems in adolescence. A person-centered analysis across time and domains
In: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 53 (2017) , S. 40-53
DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-171950
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/17195/pdf/Tetzner_2017_Developmental_problems_in_adolescence_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Jugendlicher; Adoleszenz; Persönlichkeitsentwicklung; Entwicklungsstörung; Typologie; Aggression; Depression; Schulerfolg; Wohlbefinden; Selbstwertgefühl; Einflussfaktor; Verhalten; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied; Sozioökonomische Lage; Kognitive Entwicklung; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract (english): This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N=1,665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6 percent). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender-specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

Still doing fine? The interplay of negative life events and self-esteem during young adulthood Tetzner, Julia; Becker, Michael; Baumert, Jürgen Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: European Journal of Personality | 2016 36728 Endnote: Autor*innen: Tetzner, Julia; Becker, Michael; Baumert, Jürgen
Titel: Still doing fine? The interplay of negative life events and self-esteem during young adulthood
In: European Journal of Personality, 30 (2016) 4, S. 358-373
DOI: 10.1002/per.2066
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-203054
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/20305/pdf/EJP_2016_4_Tetzner_Becker_Baumert_Still_doing_fine_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Deutschland; Einflussfaktor; Entwicklung; Erlebnis; Junger Erwachsener; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Negativität; Selbstwertgefühl; Übergang; Veränderung; Wirkung
Abstract (english): This longitudinal study investigated the bidirectional relationship between negative life events and self-esteem during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood (N = 2272). Drawing on theories of human development over the lifespan and just-world theory, we analyzed age-graded changes in self-esteem and their interplay with negative life events at three measurement points over a 12-year period. We addressed both the short-term and the longer term effects of single as well as multiple negative life events on changes in self-esteem (socialization effects). We further investigated whether the pre-event level of self-esteem affected the likelihood of negative life events occurring (selection effects) and, finally, whether it had protective effects in terms of helping people adjust to negative events. Latent change models yielded four main findings: (i) self-esteem increased during young adulthood; (ii) socialization effects were observed over shorter and longer timespans, but (iii) selection effects were only found for multiple negative life events, with low self-esteem predicting a high number of negative life events; (iv) high pre-event self-esteem acted as a protective factor, attenuating declines in self-esteem after experience of multiple negative life events. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

Measurement invariance of the brief multidimensional student's life satisfaction scale among […] Abubakar, Amina; Vijver, Fons J. R. van de; Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar; He, Jia; Adams, Byran Gregory; […] Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment | 2015 35972 Endnote: Autor*innen: Abubakar, Amina; Vijver, Fons J. R. van de; Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar; He, Jia; Adams, Byran Gregory; Aldhafri, Said; Tair, Ergyul
Titel: Measurement invariance of the brief multidimensional student's life satisfaction scale among adolescents and emerging adults across 23 cultural contexts
In: Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34 (2015) 1, S. 28-38
DOI: 10.1177/0734282915611284
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-125735
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-125735
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Befragung; Empirische Untersuchung; Ethnische Gruppe; Faktorenanalyse; Interkultureller Vergleich; Internationaler Vergleich; Jugendlicher; Lebensqualität; Psychosoziale Situation; Wohlbefinden; Zufriedenheit
Abstract: There is hardly any cross-cultural research on the measurement invariance of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scales (BMSLSS). The current article evaluates the measurement invariance of the BMSLSS across cultural contexts. This cross-sectional study sampled 7,739 adolescents and emerging adults in 23 countries. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of configural and partial measurement weights invariance models, indicating similar patterns and strengths in factor loading for both adolescents and emerging adults across various countries. We found insufficient evidence for scalar invariance in both the adolescents' and the emerging adults' samples. A multi-level confirmatory factor analysis indicated configural invariance of the structure at country and individual level. Internal consistency, evaluated by alpha and omega coefficients per country, yielded acceptable results. The translated BMSLSS across different cultural contexts presents good psychometric characteristics similar to what has been reported in the original scale, though scalar invariance remains problematic. Our results indicate that the BMSLSS forms a brief measure of life satisfaction, which has accrued substantial evidence of construct validity, thus suitable for use in cross-cultural surveys with adolescents and emerging adults, although evaluation of degree of invariance must be carried out to ensure its suitability for mean comparisons. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

Herausgeber des Themenschwerpunkts: Genderspecific political socialization in an international […] Kuhn, Hans-Peter Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Jahrbuch Jugendforschung | 2010 30042 Endnote: Autor*innen: Kuhn, Hans-Peter
Titel: Herausgeber des Themenschwerpunkts: Genderspecific political socialization in an international perspective.
In: Jahrbuch Jugendforschung, (2010) 8, S. 11-151
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Australien; Chile; Empirische Forschung; Geschlechtsunterschied; Interesse; Israel; Jugendlicher; Mitwirkung; Politische Sozialisation; Politisches Verhalten; Staatsbürgerliche Erziehung; Vereinigte Staaten
Abstract (english): In a time where the consequences of expanding globalization and social change affect many countries, there should be a renewed interest in processes of political socialization, participation, and identity formation of men and women as global citizens. Due to recent reports of increasing ethnocentrism, xenophobia, political apathy and political distrust in adolescents and young adults in Europe and many other countries around the world, the need to re-examine cognitive, affective, normative and behavioral aspects of political identity formation has become apparent. For more than four decades, research on political socialization and political culture in the Western Industrial World has established that males and females differ in their pathways towards political understanding and in their forms of political engagement. However, most of the studies on political socialization continue to either ignore or merelyreport gender differences in political orientations that were found in their data. Little effort was made by the social sciences to explain these gender differences. Moreover, gender differences vary by country or nation state, which is due to cultural, societal, political, religious or ethnic differences. The major aim of the following special issue on genderspecific political socialization in an international perspective is to elucidate gender variations in political attitudes and political behavior. In an international perspective, five contributions from the US, Australia, Chile and Israel present new findings and insights by asking what it means growing up as a male or female adolescent citizen in the 21st century. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

International perspectives on political socialization and gender. An introduction Kuhn, Hans-Peter Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Jahrbuch Jugendforschung | 2010 30034 Endnote: Autor*innen: Kuhn, Hans-Peter
Titel: International perspectives on political socialization and gender. An introduction
In: Jahrbuch Jugendforschung, (2010) 8, S. 11-24
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Empirische Forschung; Geschlechtsunterschied; Internationaler Vergleich; Jugendlicher; Politische Sozialisation
Abstract (english): For many decades gender differences in political orientations were consistently found in empirical studies, particularly in youth studies. As a result, on one hand, female adolescents compared to male adolescents often come off badly in regard to pivotal political orientations like political interest and subjective political competence. On the other hand, female adolescents demonstrate even more interest and involvement than males when less conventional issues and modes of political participation are concerned. How could this be explained? First of all the article classifies the field of political orientations into four large areas - cognitive political mobilization / political scepticism, mistrust, alienation / political participation and willingness to participate / value orientation, gender-role orientation - and gives a short overview of the findings of empirical research. Following, the article deals with the problems and challenges of investigating gender differences in political orientations in an international perspective. In the end, according to the function of the article as an introduction to a special issue, the following five contributions from the US, Australia, Chile and Israel are described in detail. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

Political alienation in adolescence. Associations with parental role models, parenting styles and […] Gniewosz, Burkhard; Noack, Peter; Buhl, Monika Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: International Journal of Behavioral Development | 2009 8142 Endnote: Autor*innen: Gniewosz, Burkhard; Noack, Peter; Buhl, Monika
Titel: Political alienation in adolescence. Associations with parental role models, parenting styles and classroom climate
In: International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33 (2009) 4, S. 337-346
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Adoleszenz; Politik; Entfremdung; Politische Sozialisation; Familie; Einstellung (Psychologie); Einflussfaktor; Beeinflussung; Erziehungsstil; Schule; Schulklima; Demokratische Erziehung; Schüler; Schuljahr 06; Schuljahr 08; Schuljahr 10; Lehrer; Eltern; Rollenverhalten; Politische Bildung; Empirische Untersuchung; Methodologie; Befragung; Mehrebenenanalyse; Thüringen; Deutschland
Abstract (english): The present study examined how parental political attitudes, parenting styles, and classroom characteristicspredict adolescents' political alienation, as feelings about the individual's ability to affectthe political system's performance at the individual level. Participants were 463 families that includedmothers, fathers, and their adolescent children in 6th, 8th, and 10th grades. Teachers reported onthe classroom context. Multilevel analyses indicated several findings: parental and adolescent political attitudes supported a parent-adolescent transmission process, adolescents' perceptions of parentalattitudes mediated the transmission process, authoritarian parenting style positively predictedadolescent political alienation, and classrooms comprised of teachers with clear educational goalswere negatively related to adolescent political alienation. Results are discussed in terms of learningpolitical alienation within family by parent- child transmission. Associations among adolescent politicalalienation, parenting style, and classroom climate are considered as interaction characteristicswith authorities shaping adolescents' political attitudes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

Entwicklungspsychologie des Jugendalters Silbereisen, Rainer K.; Hasselhorn, Marcus (Hrsg.) Sammelband | Göttingen: Hogrefe | 2008 7634 Endnote: Herausgeber*innen: Silbereisen, Rainer K.; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel: Entwicklungspsychologie des Jugendalters
Erscheinungsvermerk: Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2008 (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie.C.V.5)
Dokumenttyp: 2. Herausgeberschaft; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Deutsch
Schlagwörter: Entwicklungspsychologie; Jugendalter; Adoleszenz; Pubertät; Kognitive Entwicklung; Soziale Rolle; Übergang; Kind-Eltern-Beziehung; Gleichaltrigengruppe; Arbeitswelt; Beruf; Freizeit; Neue Medien; Persönlichkeit; Identität; Autonomie; Freundschaft; Beziehung; Sexualität; Alkoholismus; Drogen; Jugenddelinquenz; Depression; Gesundheit; Armut; Krankheit; Migration; Akkulturation; Extremismus; Sozialer Wandel
Abstract: [Die Kapitel dieser Enzyklopädie sind in fünf Teile gegliedert:] Im ersten Abschnitt kommen drei Kapitel zu den grundlegenden Veränderungen während des Jugendalters, nämlich Pubertät und psychosoziale Anpassung (K. Weichold, R. K. Silbereisen), kognitive Entwicklung im Jugendalter (E. Dreher, M. Dreher) und soziale Übergänge von der Kindheit bis in das frühe Erwachsenenalter (M. Pinquart; A. Grob). Der folgende zweite Abschnitt betrifft die wichtigen Kontexte der Jugendentwicklung, nämlich Eltern-Kind- Beziehungen im Jugendalter (S. Walper), die Gleichaltrigen (H. Oswald, H. Uhlendorff), den Kontext Schule (K. S. Cortina, O. Köller), Ausbildung, Arbeit und Beruf (W. R. Heinz) , Freizeitorte und Freizeitaktivitäten (P. Noack), sowie neue Medien (F. Krotz, C. Lampert, U. Hasebrink). Hieran fügt sich ein dritter Abschnitt über positive Entwicklung von Persönlichkeit und Handlungskompetenzen. Im Einzelnen: Identitätsentwicklung im Jugendalter (T. Habermas), Autonomie (M. Hofer), Entwicklungen von Freundschaften und romantischen Beziehungen (M. von Salisch, I. Seiffge-Krenke), Sexualität im Jugendalter (B. Krahé) und Lebensziele und Bewältigung im Jugendalter (B. Kracke, J. Heckhausen). Der vierte Abschnitt behandelt Fehlanpassungen im Jugendalter: Konsum von Alkohol und illegalen Drogen im Jugendalter (K. Weichold, A. Bühler, R. K. Silbereisen), antisoziales Verhalten im Jugendalter: Entwicklungsbedingungen für adoleszente Delinquenz und Gewalt (W. Greve, D. Hosser), Depression und depressive Störungen bei Jugendlichen (C. A. Essau, J. Conradt), Gesundheitsrisiken und Gesundheitsverhalten (A. Lohaus, J. Klein-Heßling). Der Band schließt mit Beiträgen zu besonderen Lebenslagen, wie Entwicklung in der Adoleszenz unter Lebensbedingungen von Armut (L. Krappmann), chronische Krankheiten (I. Seiffge-Krenke), Immigration und Akkulturation (E. Schmitt-Rodermund), Jugendliche und politischer Extremismus (D. Baier, K. Boehnke) und Jugend im sozialen Wandel (M. Pinquart, R. K. Silbereisen). (DIPF/ Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

The role of family background in citizenship education Buhl, Monika Sammelbandbeitrag | Aus: Sliwka, Anne; Diedrich, Martina; Hofer, Manfred (Hrsg.): Citizenship education: Theory - research - practice | Weinheim: Waxmann | 2006 7122 Endnote: Autor*innen: Buhl, Monika
Titel: The role of family background in citizenship education
Aus: Sliwka, Anne; Diedrich, Martina; Hofer, Manfred (Hrsg.): Citizenship education: Theory - research - practice, Weinheim: Waxmann, 2006 , S. 73-83
Dokumenttyp: 4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Demokratische Erziehung; Politische Bildung; Staatsbürgerliche Erziehung; Adoleszenz; Familie; Eltern; Generationsproblem; Theorie; Empirische Forschung; Methodologie; Deutschland
Abstract (english): The goal of this study is to show that individual experiences within the family context have a continuous effect on intergenerational transmission in the civic and political field and ultimately on adolescents' involvement in the political domain. ... The main hypothesis of this chapter is that parental opinions and interests have a strong influence on the development of their children's political identity. Thus, strong correlations are expected between parents' and adolescents' orientations. Moreover, it is assumed that this process is facilitated over time by the level of parental consensus, the stability of parental opinions, and the quality of family interaction, which in turn makes reciprocal intergenerational influence possible. (DIPF/orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation