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Cognitive prerequisites for generative learning. Why some learning strategies are more effective […] Breitwieser, Jasmin; Brod, Garvin Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Child Development | 2021 40461 Endnote: Autor*innen: Breitwieser, Jasmin; Brod, Garvin
Titel: Cognitive prerequisites for generative learning. Why some learning strategies are more effective than others
In: Child Development, 92 (2021) 1, S. 258-272
DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13393
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-252348
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-252348
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Lernstrategie; Effektivität; Voraussetzung; Kognition; Unterschied; Lebensalter; Altersabhängigkeit; Schüler; Student; Empirische Untersuchung; Augenbewegung; Bewegungsanalyse; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland
Abstract: This study examined age‐related differences in the effectiveness of two generative learning strategies (GLSs). Twenty‐five children aged 9-11 and 25 university students aged 17-29 performed a facts learning task in which they had to generate either a prediction or an example before seeing the correct result. We found a significant Age × Learning Strategy interaction, with children remembering more facts after generating predictions rather than examples, whereas both strategies were similarly effective in adults. Pupillary data indicated that predictions stimulated surprise, whereas the effectiveness of example‐based learning correlated with children's analogical reasoning abilities. These findings suggest that there are different cognitive prerequisites for different GLSs, which results in varying degrees of strategy effectiveness by age.
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

"Das ist jammerschade" Vom Unterricht in Abwesenheit wegen pandemiebedingter Schulschließungen Jornitz, Sieglinde; Mayer, Ben Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Pädagogische Korrespondenz | 2021 42242 Endnote: Autor*innen: Jornitz, Sieglinde; Mayer, Ben
Titel: "Das ist jammerschade" Vom Unterricht in Abwesenheit wegen pandemiebedingter Schulschließungen
In: Pädagogische Korrespondenz, 34 (2021) 63, S. 66-84
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Deutsch
Schlagwörter: Schule; Pandemie; Unterricht; Distanz; Veränderung; Krise; Pädagogisches Handeln; Lernplattform; Digitale Medien; Tool; Unterrichtsmaterial; Aufgabenstellung; Organisation; Lehrer; Fallbeispiel; Interview; Analyse; Bremen; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland
Abstract: Die Autor*innen analysieren zwei Interviews mit zwei Lehrkräften, die sie während der ersten Schulschließungen in Deutschland im Frühjahr 2021 aufgrund der Covid-19-Pandemie veranlasst wurden. Es zeigt sich, dass die Lehrer*innen entgegen der politischen Maßgabe, weiter zu unterrichten, dies nicht aufgrund diverser Gründe, die im Interview dargelegt werden, nicht geschah. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Abteilung: Informationszentrum Bildung

Ambulatory assessment of rumination and worry. Capturing perseverative cognitions in children's […] Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Leonhardt, Anja; Brose, Annette; Dirk, Judith; […] Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Psychological Assessment | 2021 41467 Endnote: Autor*innen: Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Leonhardt, Anja; Brose, Annette; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: Ambulatory assessment of rumination and worry. Capturing perseverative cognitions in children's daily life
In: Psychological Assessment, 33 (2021) 9, S. 827-842
DOI: 10.1037/pas0001020
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243171
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243171
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Kind; Denken; Wiederholung; Negativität; Kognition; Affekt; Wohlbefinden; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leistung; Messverfahren; Validität; Psychometrie; Grundschüler; Fragebogen; Test; Smartphone; Empirische Untersuchung; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland
Abstract: Rumination and worry are common forms of perseverative cognition in children. Research has started to target perseverative cognitions in the everyday life of children, however, valid measurement instruments reliably capturing rumination and worry in children's daily life are still missing. We conducted two ambulatory assessment studies validating short scales suitable for the measurement of rumination and worry in children's daily life. Results of the first study (N = 110, 8-11 year-olds, 31 days, up to 4 daily measurements) supported a unidimensional structure of the rumination scale. Rumination was associated with negative affect (but not positive affect) on the within- and on the between-person level. On the between-person level, children who ruminated more showed poorer working memory performance. In the second study (N = 84, 8-10 year-olds, 21 days, up to 3 daily measurements), findings of Study 1 were largely replicated. Moreover, we established a unidimensional worry scale in Study 2 reliably capturing worry in children's daily life. Importantly, Study 2 showed that worry and rumination share common variance but can be differentiated in children. On the within-person level, higher levels of worry were associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of positive affect. On the between-person level, worry was associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower working memory performance. Altogether, findings of both studies demonstrated that the short scales had excellent psychometric properties suggesting that they are helpful tools for the assessment of rumination and worry in children's daily life.person level, worry was associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower working memory performance. Altogether, findings of both studies demonstrated that the short scales had excellent psychometric properties suggesting that they are helpful tools for the assessment of rumination and worry in children's daily life. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Differences in counting skills between Chinese and German children are accompanied by differences […] Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus; […] Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Frontiers in Psychology | 2019 38974 Endnote: Autor*innen: Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Yan, Song
Titel: Differences in counting skills between Chinese and German children are accompanied by differences in processing of approximate numerical magnitude information
In: Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (2019) , S. 2656
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02656
URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02656/full
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Kind; Vorschulalter; Zahlensystem; Fertigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Denkfähigkeit; Leistung; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Vergleichsuntersuchung; Internationaler Vergleich; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland; Beijing; China
Abstract (english): Human beings are supposed to possess an approximate number system (ANS) dedicated to extracting and representing approximate numerical magnitude information as well as an object tracking system (OTS) for the rapid and accurate enumeration of small sets. It is assumed that the OTS and the ANS independently contribute to the acquisition of more elaborate numerical concepts. Chinese children have been shown to exhibit more elaborate numerical concepts than their non-Chinese peers, but it is still an open question whether similar cross-national differences exist with regard to the underlying systems, namely the ANS and the OTS. In the present study, we investigated this question by comparing Chinese and German preschool children with regard to their performance in a non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task (assessing the ANS) and in an enumeration task (assessing the OTS). In addition, we compared children's counting skills. To ensure that possible between-group differences could not be explained by differences in more general performance factors, we also assessed children's reasoning ability and processing speed. Chinese children showed a better counting performance and a more accurate performance in the non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task. These differences in performance could not be ascribed to differences in reasoning abilities and processing speed. In contrast, Chinese and German children did not differ signi cantly in the enumeration of small sets. The superior counting performance of Chinese children was thus found to be re ected in the ANS but not in the OTS. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Variability in the precision of children's spatial working memory Galeano Weber, Elena M.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Intelligence | 2018 38229 Endnote: Autor*innen: Galeano Weber, Elena M.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: Variability in the precision of children's spatial working memory
In: Journal of Intelligence, 6 (2018) 1, S. 8
DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6010008
URL: http://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/6/1/8
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Schüler; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Raumvorstellung; Leistung; Kognitive Entwicklung; Aufgabe; Smartphone; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Frankfurt a.M.
Abstract (english): Cognitive modeling studies in adults have established that visual working memory (WM) capacity depends on the representational precision, as well as its variability from moment to moment. By contrast, visuospatial WM performance in children has been typically indexed by response accuracy-a binary measure that provides less information about precision with which items are stored. Here, we aimed at identifying whether and how children's WM performance depends on the spatial precision and its variability over time in real-world contexts. Using smartphones, 110 Grade 3 and Grade 4 students performed a spatial WM updating task three times a day in school and at home for four weeks. Measures of spatial precision (i.e. Euclidean distance between presented and reported location) were used for hierarchical modeling to estimate variability of spatial precision across different time scales. Results demonstrated considerable within-person variability in spatial precision across items within trials, from trial to trial and from occasion to occasion within days and from day to day. In particular, item-to-item variability was systematically increased with memory load and lowered with higher grade. Further, children with higher precision variability across items scored lower in measures of fluid intelligence. These findings emphasize the important role of transient changes in spatial precision for the development of WM. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Classes of depression symptom trajectories in patients with major depression receiving a […] Petersen, Juliana J.; Hartig, Johannes; Paulitsch, Michael A.; Pagitz, Manuel; Mergenthal, Karola; […] Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: PLoS ONE | 2018 38706 Endnote: Autor*innen: Petersen, Juliana J.; Hartig, Johannes; Paulitsch, Michael A.; Pagitz, Manuel; Mergenthal, Karola; Rauck, Sandra; Reif, Andreas; Gerlach, Ferdinand M.; Gensichen, Jochen
Titel: Classes of depression symptom trajectories in patients with major depression receiving a collaborative care intervention
In: PLoS ONE, 13 (2018) 9, S. e0202245
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202245
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-166924
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/16692/pdf/plos_one_2018_9_Petersen_et_al_Classes_of_depression_symptom_trajectories_A.pdf.0202245
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Psychisch Kranker; Depression; Entwicklung; Therapie; Intervention; Kooperation; Selbsteinschätzung; Fragebogen; Datenanalyse; Regressionsanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland
Abstract (english): Purpose Collaborative care is effective in improving symptoms of patients with depression. The aims of this study were to characterize symptom trajectories in patients with major depression during one year of collaborative care and to explore associations between baseline characteristics and symptom trajectories. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in primary care. The collaborative care intervention comprised case management and behavioral activation. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess symptom severity as the primary outcome. Statistical analyses comprised latent growth mixture modeling and a hierarchical binary logistic regression model. Results We included 74 practices and 626 patients (310 intervention and 316 control recipients) at baseline. Based on a minimum of 12 measurement points for each intervention recipient, we identified two latent trajectories, which we labeled 'fast improvers' (60.5%) and 'slow improvers' (39.5%). At all measurements after baseline, 'fast improvers' presented higher PHQ mean values than 'slow improvers'. At baseline, 'fast improvers' presented fewer physical conditions, higher health-related quality of life, and had made fewer suicide attempts in their history. Conclusions A notable proportion of 39.5% of patients improved only 'slowly' and probably needed more intense treatment. The third follow-up in month two could well be a sensible time to adjust treatment to support 'slow improvers'. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation

The training of morphological decomposition in word processing and its effects on literacy skills Bar-Kochva, Irit; Hasselhorn, Marcus Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Frontiers in Psychology | 2017 37772 Endnote: Autor*innen: Bar-Kochva, Irit; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel: The training of morphological decomposition in word processing and its effects on literacy skills
In: Frontiers in Psychology, (2017) , S. 8:1583
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01583
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-191821
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/19182/pdf/fpsyg_2017_8_Bar-Kochva_Hasselhorn_The_training_of_morphological_decomposition_in_word_processing_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Deutsch als Zweitsprache; Deutschland; Frankfurt a.M.; Hebräisch; Lesekompetenz; Lesen; Migrationshintergrund; Rechtschreibung; Schreibkompetenz; Schüler; Schuljahr 05; Schuljahr 06; Training; Wirkung; Wirkungsforschung
Abstract: This study set out to examine the effects of a morpheme-based training on reading and writing in 5th and 6th graders (N=47), who have poor literacy skills and speak German as a second language. A computerized training, consisting of a visual computerized lexical decision task (comprising 2880 inflections and derivations, presented in 12 sessions), was designed to encourage fast morphological analysis in word processing. The children were divided between two groups: the one underwent a morpheme-based training, in which word-stems of words were presented for a limited duration, while pre- and suffixes remained on screen until response. Another group received a control training consisting of the same task, except that the duration of presentation of a non-morphological unit was restricted. In a Word Disruption Task, participants read words under three conditions: morphological separation (with symbols separating between the words' morphemes), non-morphological separation (with symbols separating between non-morphological units of words) and no-separation (with symbols presented at the beginning and end of each word). The group receiving the morpheme-based program improved more than the control group in terms of word reading fluency in the morphological condition. The former group also presented similar word reading fluency after training in the morphological condition and the in no-separation condition, thereby suggesting that the morpheme-based training contributed to the integration of morphological decomposition into the process of word recognition. At the same time, both groups similarly improved in other measures of word reading fluency. With regard to spelling, the morpheme-based training group showed a larger improvement than the control group in spelling of trained items, and a unique improvement in spelling of untrained items (untrained word-stems integrated into trained pre- and suffixes). The results further suggest some contribution of the morpheme-based training to performance in a standardized spelling task. The morpheme-based training did not, however, show any unique effect on comprehension. These results suggest that the morpheme-based training is effective in enhancing some basic literacy skill in the population examined, i.e. morphological analysis in word processing and the access to orthographic representations in spelling, with no specific effects on reading fluency and comprehension. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

In search of methods enhancing fluency in reading. An examination of the relations between time […] Bar-Kochva, Irit; Hasselhorn, Marcus Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | 2015 35633 Endnote: Autor*innen: Bar-Kochva, Irit; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel: In search of methods enhancing fluency in reading. An examination of the relations between time constraints and processes of reading in readers of German
In: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 140 (2015) , S. 140-157
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.06.012
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-178751
URL: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-178751
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Deutschland; Experiment; Frankfurt a.M.; Kognitive Kompetenz; Lesegeschwindigkeit; Lesestörung; Lesetest; Rechtschreibschwäche; Rechtschreibtest; Schüler; Schuljahr 05; Wortschatz
Abstract: The attainment of fluency in reading is a major difficulty for reading-disabled people. Manipulations applied on the presentation of texts, leading to "on-line" effects on reading (i.e., while texts are manipulated), are one direction of examinations in search of methods affecting reading. The imposing of time constraints, by deleting one letter after the other from texts presented on a computer screen, has been established as such a method. In an attempt to further understand its nature, we tested the relations between time constraints and processes of reading: phonological decoding of small orthogrpahic units and the addressing of orthographic representations from the mental lexicon. We also examined whether the type of orthogrpahic unit deleted (lexical, sublexical, or nonlexical unit) has any additional effect. Participants were German fifth graders with (n = 29) or without (n = 34) reading disability. Time constraints enhanced fluency in reading in both groups, and to a similar extent, across conditions. Comprehension was unimpaired. These results place the very principle of time constraints, regardless of the orthographic unit manipulated, as a critical factor affecting fluency in reading. However, phonological decoding explained a significant amount of variance in fluency in reading across all conditions in reading-disabled children, whereas the addressing of orthographic representations was the consistent predictor of fluency in reading in regular readers. These results indicate a qualitative difference in the processes explaining the variance in fluency in reading in regular and reading-disabled readers and suggest that time constraints might not have an effect on the relations between these processes and reading performance. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

How knowing the rules affects solving the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test Loesche, Patrick; Wiley, Jennifer; Hasselhorn, Marcus Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Intelligence | 2015 35061 Endnote: Autor*innen: Loesche, Patrick; Wiley, Jennifer; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel: How knowing the rules affects solving the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test
In: Intelligence, 48 (2015) , S. 58-75
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.004
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Arbeitsgedächtnis; Chicago; Ill.; Deutschland; Experiment; Frankfurt a.M.; Grundstudium; Induktives Lernen; Intelligenztest; Kognitionspsychologie; Kognitive Prozesse; Problemlösen; Richtlinie; Schüler; Schuljahr 05; Schuljahr 06; Schuljahr 07; Schuljahr 08; Sekundarstufe I; Student; USA; Wissen
Abstract: The solution process underlying the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) has been conceptualized to consist of two subprocesses: rule induction and goal management. Past research has also found a strong relation between measures of working memory capacity and performance on RAPM. The present research attempted to test whether the goal management subprocess is responsible for the relation between working memory capacity and RAPM, using a paradigm where the rules necessary to solve the problems were given to subjects, assuming that it would render rule induction unnecessary. Three experiments revealed that working memory capacity was still strongly related to RAPM performance in the given-rules condition, while in two experiments the correlation in the given-rules condition was significantly higher than in the no-rules condition. Experiment 4 revealed that giving the rules affected problem solving behavior. Evidence from eye tracking protocols suggested that participants in the given-rules condition were more likely to approach the problems with a constructive matching strategy. Two possible mechanisms are discussed that could both explain why providing participants with the rules might increase the relation between working memory capacity and RAPM performance. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Perceived social capital in self-defined urban neighborhoods as a resource for healthy aging Kaspar, Roman; Oswald, Frank; Hebsaker, Jakob Sammelbandbeitrag | Aus: Nyqvist, Fredrica; Forsman, Anna K. (Hrsg.): Social capital as a health resource in later life: The relevance of context | New York; NY: Springer | 2015 34898 Endnote: Autor*innen: Kaspar, Roman; Oswald, Frank; Hebsaker, Jakob
Titel: Perceived social capital in self-defined urban neighborhoods as a resource for healthy aging
Aus: Nyqvist, Fredrica; Forsman, Anna K. (Hrsg.): Social capital as a health resource in later life: The relevance of context, New York; NY: Springer, 2015 (International Perspectives on Aging, 11), S. 109-126
Dokumenttyp: 4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Alter Mensch; Altern; Befragung; Deutschland; Frankfurt a.M.; Gerontologie; Gesundheit; Nachbarschaft; Raum; Sozialkapital; Stadt; Umwelteinfluss; Wohlbefinden
Abstract: Environmental gerontology has adopted a social cohesion perspective on social capital, defining social capital as a neighborhood-level characteristic rather than a property of the individual. This chapter will discuss the macro-micro relationship between social capital and healthy ageing by focusing on the role of mediating concepts indicating both the relevance of the perceived socio-physical environment for the person (e.g., urban-related identity) and processes of engagement in the community (e.g., social participation). We consider individuals' subjective definitions of neighborhood boundaries in geographical space in our attempt to assure a valid mapping of person-environment references. Based on both a phenomenological approach and a comprehensive survey with 595 community-dwelling urban citizens (Frankfurt/Main, Germany) stratified by age (70-79 vs. 80-89 years) and household composition (living alone vs. with partner), a variety of constituents of perceived neighborhood in old age are identified that clearly challenge some of the common (census tract-oriented) notions of what defines a neighborhood and point to potential mechanisms of neighboring that have been neglected in most current studies of social capital. On a descriptive level, disparities with respect to aspects of healthy ageing and social participation are described across shared perceived neighborhoods using a multi-level approach. Finally, we test the hypothesis that neighborhood-level social capital moderates the effects of social participation on healthy ageing. The consequences of perceived social capital in the neighborhood for agency and belonging components of ageing in place (i.e., place identity, social participation), and, ultimately, for healthy ageing in urban neighborhoods are revisited. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildungsqualität und Evaluation