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(Schlagwörter: "kognitive Prozesse")
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Why do my thoughts feel so bad? Getting at the reciprocal effects of rumination and negative affect […]
Blanke, Elisabeth S.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Houben, Marlies; Erbas, Yasemine; Brose, Annette
Journal Article
| In: Emotion | 2022
40873 Endnote
Author(s):
Blanke, Elisabeth S.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Houben, Marlies; Erbas, Yasemine; Brose, Annette
Title:
Why do my thoughts feel so bad? Getting at the reciprocal effects of rumination and negative affect using dynamic structural equation modeling
In:
Emotion, 22 (2022) 8, S. 1773-1786
DOI:
10.1037/emo0000946
URL:
https://doi.apa.org/record/2021-21139-001
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Belgien; Datenanalyse; Datenerfassung; Dauer; Denken; Depression; Deutschland; Einstellung <Psy>; Emotion; Emotionaler Zustand; Fragebogenerhebung; Kognitive Prozesse; Messung; Messverfahren; Psychische Vorgänge; Stimmung; Stress; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Student; Tagesablauf; Wirkung
Abstract:
Rumination means to perseveratively think about one's negative feelings and problems. It is a response to affective distress that is often referred to as maladaptive emotion regulation. According to the response styles theory and control theory, rumination may further prolong and exacerbate affective distress. This means that rumination can be viewed as both an antecedent and an outcome of negative affect (NA), and vice versa. However, at the level of short-term dynamics, state rumination and NA have previously mainly been examined as two separate outcomes. To model the reciprocal within-person effects and hence, to match theoretical assumptions, we combined the two interrelated time series in one model using dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). Both effects (NA on subsequent rumination and rumination on subsequent NA) were modeled simultaneously while acknowledging the autoregressive nature of both states (inert properties). We used data from two experience sampling studies (NStudy 1 = 200 Belgian university students; NStudy 2 = 70 German university students). Participants were paged on smartphones several times a day (Study 1: 10; Study 2: 6) for several days (Study 1: 7; Study 2: 9-12). In both studies, we found evidence for reciprocal effects of NA and rumination, and both processes showed autoregressive relationships. Aside from central findings, higher levels of rumination were also associated with higher rumination inertia, pointing toward more habitual rumination also being associated with prolonged rumination. Together, using DSEM, we found reciprocal associations between rumination and NA, while providing new insights into the dynamics between the two processes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Are there age‐related differences in the effects of prior knowledge on learning? Insights gained […]
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Journal Article
| In: Mind, Brain, and Education | 2022
43403 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Title:
Are there age‐related differences in the effects of prior knowledge on learning? Insights gained from the memory congruency effect
In:
Mind, Brain, and Education, 16 (2022) 2, S. 89-98
DOI:
10.1111/mbe.12320
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mbe.12320
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Empirische Forschung; Gedächtnis; Information; Kognitive Prozesse; Lebensalter; Leistung; Lernen; Unterschied; Veränderung; Vorwissen
Abstract:
Humans accumulate knowledge throughout their entire lives. In what ways does this accumulation of knowledge influence learning of new information? Are there age-related differences in the way prior knowledge is leveraged for remembering new information? We review studies that have investigated these questions, focusing on those that have used the memory congruency effect, which provides a quantitative measure of memory advantage because of prior knowledge. Regarding the first question, evidence suggests that the accumulation of knowledge is a key factor promoting the development of memory across childhood and counteracting some of the decline in older age. Regarding the second question, evidence suggests that, if available knowledge is controlled for, age-related differences in the memory congruency effect largely disappear. These results point to an age-invariance in the way prior knowledge is leveraged for learning new information. Research on neural mechanisms and implications for application are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Prediction of disorientation by accelerometric and gait features in young and older adults […]
Teipel, Stefan J.; Amaefule, Chimezie O.; Lüdtke, Stefan; Görß, Doreen; Faraza, Sofia; Bruhn, Sven; […]
Journal Article
| In: Frontiers in Psychology | 2022
42734 Endnote
Author(s):
Teipel, Stefan J.; Amaefule, Chimezie O.; Lüdtke, Stefan; Görß, Doreen; Faraza, Sofia; Bruhn, Sven; Kirste, Thomas
Title:
Prediction of disorientation by accelerometric and gait features in young and older adults navigating in a virtually enriched environment
In:
Frontiers in Psychology, 13 (2022) , S. 882446
DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.882446
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.882446/full
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alter; Bewegung <Motorische>; Datenanalyse; Deutschland; Empirische Untersuchung; Erwachsener; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Kognitive Prozesse; Messung; Orientierung; Raum; Rostock; Stadt; Videoaufzeichnung; Virtuelle Realität
Abstract:
Objective: To determine whether gait and accelerometric features can predict disorientation events in young and older adults. Methods: Cognitively healthy younger (18-40 years, n = 25) and older (60-85 years, n = 28) participants navigated on a treadmill through a virtual representation of the city of Rostock featured within the Gait Real-Time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system. We conducted Bayesian Poisson regression to determine the association of navigation performance with domain-specific cognitive functions. We determined associations of gait and accelerometric features with disorientation events in real-time data using Bayesian generalized mixed effect models. The accuracy of gait and accelerometric features to predict disorientation events was determined using cross-validated support vector machines (SVM) and Hidden Markov models (HMM). Results: Bayesian analysis revealed strong evidence for the effect of gait and accelerometric features on disorientation. The evidence supported a relationship between executive functions but not visuospatial abilities and perspective taking with navigation performance. Despite these effects, the cross-validated percentage of correctly assigned instances of disorientation was only 72% in the SVM and 63% in the HMM analysis using gait and accelerometric features as predictors. Conclusion: Disorientation is reflected in spatiotemporal gait features and the accelerometric signal as a potentially more easily accessible surrogate for gait features. At the same time, such measurements probably need to be enriched with other parameters to be sufficiently accurate for individual prediction of disorientation events. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Gedächtnis und Wissen
Brod, Garvin; Gold, Andreas
Book Chapter
| Aus: Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht | Weinheim: Beltz Juventa | 2021
41384 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin; Gold, Andreas
Title:
Gedächtnis und Wissen
In:
Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht, Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 2021 , S. 54-78
Publication Type:
Beiträge in Sammelbänden; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Wissen; Erinnerung; Vergessen; Lernprozess; Kognitive Prozesse; Informationsverarbeitung; Inhalt; Zeit; Modell; Wahrnehmung; Aufmerksamkeit; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Langzeitgedächtnis; Wissensrepräsentation
Abstract:
[...] Einleitend (4.1) wird auf die Macht und auf die Anfälligkeit des menschlichen Gedächtnisses hingewiesen. In der Folge wird anhand eines Selbstversuchs auf die Bedeutsamkeit von Gedächtnisstrategien beim Lernen und Behalten eingegangen (4.2), bevor in systematischer Form eine Einführung in Gedächtnisarten (4.3) und Gedächtnisprozesse (4.4) gegeben wird. Ein wichtiger Aspekt des Prozessmodells zielt auf die Frage, wie Wissen und Können langfristig und dauerhalt im Gedächtnis gespeichert werden (4.5). Gedächtnisinhalte sind das Endprodukt von Lernprozessen. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Lernen
Gold, Andreas; Brod, Garvin
Book Chapter
| Aus: Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht | Weinheim: Beltz Juventa | 2021
41385 Endnote
Author(s):
Gold, Andreas; Brod, Garvin
Title:
Lernen
In:
Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht, Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 2021 , S. 79-101
Publication Type:
Beiträge in Sammelbänden; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Lernen; Wissenserwerb; Kognitive Prozesse; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitionspsychologie; Lerntheorie; Konstruktivismus; Kooperatives Lernen; Problemlösen; Transfer; Verhalten; Gewohnheit; Gedächtnis; Konditionierung; Wissen; Selbstgesteuertes Lernen
Abstract:
[...] Zu Beginn des 5. Kapitels wird Lernen als Aufbau von Wissen und Können definiert. Dieser Sichtweise folgend wird die kognitionspsychologische Theorie der Informationsverarbeitung in ihrer "konstruktivistischen" Ausgestaltung ausführlicher vorgestellt (5.1). Eine ganz andere Gruppe von Lerntheorien begreift Lernen als (sichtbare) Veränderung von Verhalten und von Gewohnheiten (5.2). In dieser Tradition stehen insbesondere die Konditionierungstheorien. Mit der Darstellung der sozial-kognitiven Lerntheorie wird abschließend wieder ein Bogen von den verhaltens- zu den kognitionspsychologischen Ansätzen geschlagen. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Predicting as a learning strategy
Brod, Garvin
Journal Article
| In: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | 2021
42310 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin
Title:
Predicting as a learning strategy
In:
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28 (2021) 6, S. 1839-1847
DOI:
10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1
URL:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lernstrategie; Prognose; Information; Wissen; Antwort; Gedächtnis; Kognitive Prozesse; Strategie; Vergleich; Neugier; Fehler; Feedback; Unterricht; Forschung
Abstract (english):
This article attempts to delineate the procedural and mechanistic characteristics of predicting as a learning strategy. While asking students to generate a prediction before presenting the correct answer has long been a popular learning strategy, the exact mechanisms by which it improves learning are only beginning to be unraveled. Moreover, predicting shares many features with other retrieval-based learning strategies (e.g., practice testing, pretesting, guessing), which begs the question of whether there is more to it than getting students to engage in active retrieval. I argue that active retrieval as such does not suffice to explain beneficial effects of predicting. Rather, the effectiveness of predicting is also linked to changes in the way the ensuing feedback is processed. Initial evidence suggests that predicting boosts surprise about unexpected answers, which leads to enhanced attention to the correct answer and strengthens its encoding. I propose that it is this affective aspect of predicting that sets it apart from other retrieval-based learning strategies, particularly from guessing. Predicting should thus be considered as a learning strategy in its own right. Studying its unique effects on student learning promises to bring together research on formal models of learning from prediction error, epistemic emotions, and instructional design. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
For unto every one that hath shall be given. Teachers' competence profiles regarding the promotion […]
Dignath, Charlotte
Journal Article
| In: Metacognition and Learning | 2021
42408 Endnote
Author(s):
Dignath, Charlotte
Title:
For unto every one that hath shall be given. Teachers' competence profiles regarding the promotion of self‑regulated learning moderate the effectiveness of short‑term teacher training
In:
Metacognition and Learning, 16 (2021) 3, S. 555-594
DOI:
10.1007/s11409-021-09271-x
URL:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11409-021-09271-x
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lehrer; Kompetenz; Lernen; Selbstregulation; Unterricht; Schüler; Förderung; Kognitive Prozesse; Metakognition; Motivation; Wissen; Überzeugung; Selbstwirksamkeit; Lehrerfortbildung; Training; Effektivität; Unterricht; Schüler; Förderung; Fragebogenerhebung; Datenanalyse; Chi-Quadrat Test; Regressionsanalyse; Faktorenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
Teachers play a major role in the effectiveness of student learning. Teacher's competence contributes to their classroom practice. We applied a generic model of teacher competence to the specific context of teachers' promotion of self-regulated learning (SRL) in the classroom, and investigated teachers' competence profiles regarding SRL (study 1) and how teachers' competence can moderate the effectiveness of teacher training (study 2). In the first step, in study 1 191 teachers were assessed according to different characteristics that have been found to be important aspects of teacher competence (knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy). To investigate how these characteristics co-occur in teachers we determined latent profiles of teacher competence regarding SRL. To this end, and the data were subjected to a latent profile analysis that yielded two levels of competence profile: low and high competence to promote SRL. These competence profiles were positively associated with teachers' self-reported SRL practice in the classroom. Next, to test whether these competence profiles affect teachers' competence development, we conducted a training study. In this study 2, we examined the effects of an 8-h long teacher training about SRL on the development of teachers' competence (knowledge, beliefs, self-efficacy) and on their SRL practice in the classroom with a repeated measures control group design. Forty-five teachers participated in the training, and these teachers and their 543 students evaluated the effectiveness of the training. Training effects were found on the teacher level, but not on the student level. Teachers who participated in the training outperformed the control teachers in their development of self-efficacy to foster SRL, and their perceived SRL practice. Moreover, teachers' competence profiles moderated the training effect, showing that teachers with an initially high competence benefitted more from the training. Applying a generic model of teacher competence to the context of promoting SRL seems beneficial to inspire future research on indicators of teachers' SRL practice. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Controlling speed in component skills of reading improves the explanation of reading comprehension
Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Hahnel, Carolin; De Boeck, Paul
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Educational Psychology | 2021
41462 Endnote
Author(s):
Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Hahnel, Carolin; De Boeck, Paul
Title:
Controlling speed in component skills of reading improves the explanation of reading comprehension
In:
Journal of Educational Psychology, 113 (2021) 5, S. 861-878
DOI:
10.1037/edu0000655
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237977
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237977
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lesekompetenz; Fertigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistung; Antwort; Zeit; Wort; Semantik; Text; Leseverstehen; PISA <Programme for International Student Assessment>; Schüler; Messverfahren; Test; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
Efficiency in reading component skills is crucial for reading comprehension, as efficient subprocesses do not extensively consume limited cognitive resources, making them available for comprehension processes. Cognitive efficiency is typically measured with speeded tests of relatively easy items. Observed responses and response times indicate the latent variables of ability and speed. Interpreting only ability or speed as efficiency may be misleading because there is a within-person dependency between both variables (speed-ability tradeoff [SAT]). Therefore, the present study measures efficiency as ability conditional on speed by controlling speed experimentally with item-level time limits. The proposed timed ability measures of reading component skills are expected to have a clearer interpretation in terms of efficiency and to be better predictors for reading comprehension. To support this claim, this study investigates two component skills, visual word recognition and sentence-level semantic integration (sentence reading), to understand how differences in ability in a timed condition are related to differences in ability and speed in a traditional untimed condition. Moreover, untimed and timed reading component skill measures were used to explain reading comprehension. A German subsample from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 completed the reading component skills tasks with and without item-level time limits and PISA reading tasks. The results showed that timed ability is only moderately related to untimed ability. Furthermore, timed ability measures proved to be stronger predictors of sentence-level and text-level reading comprehension than the corresponding untimed ability and speed measures, although using untimed ability and speed jointly as predictors increased the amount of explained variance.
Abstract (english):
Efficiency in reading component skills is crucial for reading comprehension, as efficient subprocesses do not extensively consume limited cognitive resources, making them available for comprehension processes. Cognitive efficiency is typically measured with speeded tests of relatively easy items. Observed responses and response times indicate the latent variables of ability and speed. Interpreting only ability or speed as efficiency may be misleading because there is a within-person dependency between both variables (speed-ability tradeoff [SAT]). Therefore, the present study measures efficiency as ability conditional on speed by controlling speed experimentally with item-level time limits. The proposed timed ability measures of reading component skills are expected to have a clearer interpretation in terms of efficiency and to be better predictors for reading comprehension. To support this claim, this study investigates two component skills, visual word recognition and sentence-level semantic integration (sentence reading), to understand how differences in ability in a timed condition are related to differences in ability and speed in a traditional untimed condition. Moreover, untimed and timed reading component skill measures were used to explain reading comprehension. A German subsample from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 completed the reading component skills tasks with and without item-level time limits and PISA reading tasks. The results showed that timed ability is only moderately related to untimed ability. Furthermore, timed ability measures proved to be stronger predictors of sentence-level and text-level reading comprehension than the corresponding untimed ability and speed measures, although using untimed ability and speed jointly as predictors increased the amount of explained variance.
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Automated and controlled processes in comprehending multiple documents
Hahnel, Carolin; Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula; Schoor, Cornelia
Journal Article
| In: Studies in Higher Education | 2021
41420 Endnote
Author(s):
Hahnel, Carolin; Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula; Schoor, Cornelia
Title:
Automated and controlled processes in comprehending multiple documents
In:
Studies in Higher Education, 46 (2021) 10, S. 2074-2086
DOI:
10.1080/03075079.2021.1953333
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243880
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243880
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Student; Lesen; Dokument; Vielfalt; Informationsverarbeitung; Verhalten; Lesegeschwindigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leseverstehen; Kognitive Kompetenz; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
The study investigates automated and controlled cognitive processes that occur when university students read multiple documents (MDs). We examined data of 401 students dealing with two MD sets in a digital environment. Performance was assessed through several comprehension questions. Recorded log data gave indications about students' time allocation, corroboration, and sourcing. Independent measures were used for reading speed to tap the effects of automatic processing and for working memory and single-text reading comprehension to tap effects of controlled processing, with working memory considered the mental capacity for performing controlled processing. We found that faster readers completed the MD tasks faster and showed more corroboration behavior. At the same time, students skilled in comprehension allocated more time to processing MD tasks and were more likely to show MD-specific behaviors of corroboration and sourcing. Students' success in MD tasks was predicted by reading speed and working memory, with the effect of working memory being mediated by single-text comprehension. Behavioral indicators contributed independently in predicting students' MD comprehension. Results suggest that reading MDs resembles a problem-solving situation where students need to engage in controlled, non-routine processing to build up a comprehensive representation of MDs and benefit from highly automated, lower-level reading processes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Neural correlates of successful memory encoding in kindergarten and early elementary school […]
Nolden, Sophie; Brod, Garvin; Meyer, Ann-Kristin; Fandakova, Yana; Shing, Yee Lee
Journal Article
| In: Cerebral Cortex | 2021
42309 Endnote
Author(s):
Nolden, Sophie; Brod, Garvin; Meyer, Ann-Kristin; Fandakova, Yana; Shing, Yee Lee
Title:
Neural correlates of successful memory encoding in kindergarten and early elementary school children. Longitudinal trends and effects of schooling
In:
Cerebral Cortex, 31 (2021) 8, S. 3764-3779
DOI:
10.1093/cercor/bhab046
URL:
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/31/8/3764/6248485
Publication Type:
Zeitschriftenbeiträge; Zeitschriftenbeiträge
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Kind; Gedächtnis; Kognitive Prozesse; Entwicklung; Leistung; Kindergarten; Schulanfang; Wirkung; Gehirn; Neurowissenschaften; Test; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Berlin; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
From age 5 to 7, there are remarkable improvements in children's cognitive abilities ("5-7 shift"). In many countries, including Germany, formal schooling begins in this age range. It is, thus, unclear to what extent exposure to formal schooling contributes to the "5-7 shift." In this longitudinal study, we investigated if schooling acts as a catalyst of maturation. We tested 5-year-old children who were born close to the official cutoff date for school entry and who were still attending a play-oriented kindergarten. One year later, the children were tested again. Some of the children had experienced their first year of schooling whereas the others had remained in kindergarten. Using 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that assessed episodic memory formation (i.e., subsequent memory effect), we found that children relied strongly on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) at both time points but not on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In contrast, older children and adults typically show subsequent memory effects in both MTL and PFC. Both children groups improved in their memory performance, but there were no longitudinal changes nor group differences in neural activation. We conclude that successful memory formation in this age group relies more heavily on the MTL than in older age groups. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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