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(Schlagwörter: "Befragung")

The role of ethnic origin and situational information in teachers' reactions to social exclusion […] Beißert, Hanna; Staat, Miriam; Bonefeld, Meike Journal Article | In: Social Psychology of Education | 2021 42386 Endnote: Author(s): Beißert, Hanna; Staat, Miriam; Bonefeld, Meike
Title: The role of ethnic origin and situational information in teachers' reactions to social exclusion among students
In: Social Psychology of Education, 24 (2021) 6, S. 1511-1533
DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09656-5
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11218-021-09656-5
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Lehrer; Lehramtsstudent; Reaktion; Verhalten; Intervention; Schüler; Ausgrenzung; Ethnische Gruppe; Migrationshintergrund; Schulform; Befragung; Deutschland
Abstract (english): The current study investigated pre- and in-service teachers' reactions to interethnic exclusion in Germany. Using hypothetical scenarios, we examined a sample of 482 teachers (84 males, 398 females; 59% pre-service teachers, 41% in-service teachers) as observers of exclusion among students. In these scenarios, we varied the ethnic origin of the excluded student (German vs. Turkish) and the background information, providing participants either with no additional background information or with information specifying that the excluded student had shown prior norm-violating behavior (insult of another student). We assessed the teachers' evaluations of the scenarios and their anticipated reactions. The aim of the study was to replicate and extend previous research on teachers' reactions to social exclusion. As expected, the analyses revealed a strong effect of the background information on teachers' evaluations and reactions. The teachers evaluated exclusion as much more acceptable and were less likely to intervene in the scenarios with negative background information compared to those without additional information. Teachers seem to view exclusion in these situations as an understandable consequence of norm-violating behavior. However, in contrast to our expectations, the ethnic origin of the excluded student in the scenarios had no impact on teachers' reactions. That is, situational information seems to be much more important for teachers' reactions to social exclusion than the ethnic origin of an excluded student. (DIPF/Orig.)

Within-person effects of inclusion and exclusion on well-being in daily life Bernstein, Michael; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Benfield, Jacob A.; Potter, Lindey; Smyth, Joshua M. Journal Article | In: Personal Relationships | 2021 41485 Endnote: Author(s): Bernstein, Michael; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Benfield, Jacob A.; Potter, Lindey; Smyth, Joshua M.
Title: Within-person effects of inclusion and exclusion on well-being in daily life
In: Personal Relationships, 28 (2021) 4, S. 940-960
DOI: 10.1111/pere.12399
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pere.12399
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung; Soziale Beziehung; Inklusion; Ausgrenzung; Wirkung; Emotionaler Zustand; Alltag; Wohlbefinden; Angst; Depression; Selbstwertgefühl; Soziale Interaktion; Student; Befragung; Mehrebenenanalyse
Abstract: Whether exclusion hurts or inclusion feels good is debated within social psychology, and research designs often compare people who are excluded from those who are included. Here, we examined how participants differ when they are excluded or included relative to when they are not engaging in social interactions. Participants completed an ecological momentary assessment study (7 days, six measures a day). Participants indicated if they were having a social interaction, whether the interaction was inclusionary or exclusionary, and their mood and basic needs. We found that when people were excluded, relative to no interaction, they had lower basic needs and worsened mood; the reverse was true during inclusion episodes. We also found that the within-person effect of exclusion was larger than the within-person effect of inclusion and that exclusion experiences were relatively uncommon (≈10% of all reported social interactions). Future research and the importance of examining within-person effects are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

Homeschooling during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The role of students' trait self-regulation and task […] Blume, Friederike; Schmidt, Andrea; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmiedek, Florian; Neubauer, Andreas B. Journal Article | In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft | 2021 40974 Endnote: Author(s): Blume, Friederike; Schmidt, Andrea; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmiedek, Florian; Neubauer, Andreas B.
Title: Homeschooling during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The role of students' trait self-regulation and task attributes of daily learning tasks for students' daily self-regulation
In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 24 (2021) 2, S. 367-391
DOI: 10.1007/s11618-021-01011-w
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11618-021-01011-w
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Pandemie; Schule; Unterrichtsausfall; Fernunterricht; Schüler; Selbstregulation; Eltern; Selbstständiges Lernen; Befragung; Deutschland
Abstract: Um die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie einzudämmen, wurden zwischen Mitte März und Ende April 2020 deutschlandweit alle Schulen geschlossen. Während dieser Zeit wurden die Schüler*innen zu Hause beschult ('Homeschooling') und arbeiteten an Lernaufgaben, die von ihren Lehrkräften bereitgestellt wurden. Bei der Anpassung an diese neuartige Beschulungssituation könnten sowohl die Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen als auch die Eigenschaften der Lernaufgaben eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben. Es ist anzunehmen, dass diese insbesondere die tagtägliche Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen beim Bearbeiten der Lernaufgaben und damit die Selbstständigkeit, mit der sie an den Lernaufgaben arbeiteten beeinflusst haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte, welche Rolle die dispositionelle Selbstregulation von Schüler*innen, die Schwierigkeit der Lernaufgaben und die Freude an den Aufgaben für die tagtägliche Selbstständigkeit der Bearbeitung der Aufgaben während des Homeschoolings spielten. Die dispositionelle Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen wurde zunächst über einen Eingangsfragebogen erfasst, der von den Eltern von 535 Kindern ausgefüllt wurde (MAlter = 9,69; SDAlter = 2,80). Die Eltern berichteten anschließend an 21 aufeinander folgenden Tagen über die tägliche Aufgabenschwierigkeit, die Freude an den Aufgaben und die Selbstständigkeit, mit der ihre Kinder die Lernaufgaben bearbeiteten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die dispositionelle Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen positiv mit ihrer täglichen Selbstständigkeit beim Lernen assoziiert war. Darüber hinaus war die tägliche Selbstständigkeit der Schüler*innen beim Lernen negativ mit der Aufgabenschwierigkeit und positiv mit der Freude an den Aufgaben verbunden. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die tägliche Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen während der Beschulung zu Hause diskutiert. Abschließend werden Implikationen für die Lehrpraxis während der pandemiebedingten Schulschließungen abgeleitet. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english): As a means to counter the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic, schools were closed throughout Germany between mid-March and end of April 2020. Schooling was translocated to the students' homes where students were supposed to work on learning tasks provided by their teachers. Students' self-regulation and attributes of the learning tasks may be assumed to have played important roles when adapting to this novel schooling situation. They may be predicted to have influenced students' daily self-regulation and hence the independence with which they worked on learning tasks. The present work investigated the role of students' trait self-regulation as well as task difficulty and task enjoyment for students' daily independence from their parents in learning during the homeschooling period. Data on children's trait self-regulation were obtained through a baseline questionnaire filled in by the parents of 535 children (Mage = 9.69, SDage = 2.80). Parents additionally reported about the daily task difficulty, task enjoyment, and students' learning independence through 21 consecutive daily online questionnaires. The results showed students' trait self-regulation to be positively associated with their daily learning independence. Additionally, students' daily learning independence was shown to be negatively associated with task difficulty and positively with task enjoyment. The findings are discussed with regard to students' daily self-regulation during the homeschooling period. Finally, implications for teaching practice during the pandemic-related school closures are derived. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

Who aspires to higher education? Axes of inequality, values of education and higher education […] Hadjar, Andreas; Scharf, Jan; Hascher, Tina Journal Article | In: European Journal of Education | 2021 41016 Endnote: Author(s): Hadjar, Andreas; Scharf, Jan; Hascher, Tina
Title: Who aspires to higher education? Axes of inequality, values of education and higher education aspirations in secondary schools in Luxembourg and the Swiss Canton of Bern
In: European Journal of Education, 56 (2021) 1, S. 9-26
DOI: 10.1111/ejed.12435
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejed.12435
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Bildungsaspiration; Hochschulbildung; Schüler; Sekundarstufe I; Soziale Ungleichheit; Sozioökonomische Lage; Bildungssystem; Bildungsverhalten; Wertschätzung; Schuljahr 07; Schuljahr 08; Schuljahr 09; Schulform; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied; Migrationshintergrund; Befragung; Panel; Internationaler Vergleich; Bern <Kanton>; Schweiz; Luxemburg
Abstract: This article reports a study that investigated secondary school students' higher education aspirations (towards university studies, ISCED 6 and above) and how these differ between student groups as well as how these are impacted by values of education. Panel data of more than 300 secondary school students in two countries, Luxembourg and Switzerland (the Swiss Canton of Bern) was analysed. Schools are structured differently in the education systems of Luxembourg and the Swiss Canton of Bern. The results of our analysis show that students in the Luxembourgish sample more often aspire to higher education than in the Swiss sample. Disparities in higher education aspirations were also more pronounced in the Luxembourgish sample, boys and students from families of low socio-economic status (SES) were less likely to aspire to higher education. While the effects of values of education are generally scarce, stimulation in terms of anticipated enjoyment and interest derived from participation in higher education seems to have a positive effect on higher education aspirations. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

What matters when? Social and dimensional comparisons in the context of university major choice Keyserlingk, Luise von; Dicke, Anna-Lena; Becker, Michael; Eccles, Jacquelynne J. Journal Article | In: AERA Open | 2021 42044 Endnote: Author(s): Keyserlingk, Luise von; Dicke, Anna-Lena; Becker, Michael; Eccles, Jacquelynne J.
Title: What matters when? Social and dimensional comparisons in the context of university major choice
In: AERA Open, 7 (2021) 1, S. 1-16
DOI: 10.1177/23328584211020711
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584211020711
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Schüler; Student; Studienfach; Fächerwahl; Leistung; Vergleich; Standard; Fähigkeit; Selbstkonzept; Mathematik; Deutsch; Sekundarbereich; Schuljahr 12; Universität; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Leistungstest; Messung; Befragung; Datenanalyse; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Mehrebenenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract: Students compare their achievement to different standards in order to evaluate their ability. We built on the theoretical frameworks of situated expectancy-value theory, dimensional comparison theory, and the big-fish-little-pond effect literature to examine the role of social and dimensional comparisons for ability self-concept and subjective task value (STV) in secondary school and university major choice. We used two German longitudinal data sets from different cohorts with data collection in 12th grade and 2 years after high school graduation (Study 1: N = 2,207, Study 2: N = 1,710). Dimensional and social comparisons predicted students' self-concept and domain-specific STV in school: Individual achievement was positively related to ability self-concept and STV in the corresponding domain and negatively related in the noncorresponding domain. School-level mean achievement was negatively related to ability self-concept and STV in the corresponding domain. Dimensional comparisons were directly related to university major choice, social comparisons were only indirectly related. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

A little autonomy support goes a long way. Daily autonomy-supportive parenting, child well-being, […] Neubauer, Andreas B.; Schmidt, Andrea; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmiedek, Florian Journal Article | In: Child Development | 2021 41086 Endnote: Author(s): Neubauer, Andreas B.; Schmidt, Andrea; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmiedek, Florian
Title: A little autonomy support goes a long way. Daily autonomy-supportive parenting, child well-being, parental need fulfillment, and change in child, family, and parent adjustment across the adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic
In: Child Development, 92 (2021) 5, S. 1679-1697
DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13515
URL: https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.13515
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Mehrebenenanalyse; Deutschland; Pandemie; Eltern; Kind; Selbstständigkeit; Unterstützung; Wirkung; Verhalten; Wohlbefinden; Bedürfnisbefriedigung; Veränderung; Verhaltensänderung; Anpassung; Familienleben; Stress; Vitalität; Befragung; Fragebogen; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Strukturgleichungsmodell
Abstract: This study examined the effects of daily parental autonomy support on changes in child behavior, family environment, and parental well‐being across 3 weeks during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Day‐to‐day associations among autonomy‐supportive parenting, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being were also assessed. Parents (longitudinal N = 469; Mage = 42.93, SDage = 6.40) of school children (6-19 years) reported on adjustment measures at two measurement occasions and completed up to 21 daily online questionnaires in the weeks between these assessments. Results from dynamic structural equation models suggested reciprocal positive relations among autonomy‐supportive parenting and parental need fulfillment. Daily parental autonomy support, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being partially predicted change in adjustment measures highlighting the central role of daily parenting for children's adjustment during the pandemic. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung

English learner labeling. How English learner classification in kindergarten shapes teacher […] Umansky, Ilana; Dumont, Hanna Journal Article | In: American Educational Research Journal | 2021 41541 Endnote: Author(s): Umansky, Ilana; Dumont, Hanna
Title: English learner labeling. How English learner classification in kindergarten shapes teacher perceptions of student skills and the moderating role of bilingual instructional settings
In: American Educational Research Journal, 58 (2021) 5, S. 993-1031
DOI: 10.3102/0002831221997571
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3102/0002831221997571
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Kindergarten; Englisch als Zweitsprache; Kind; Vorschulalter; Wirkung; Lehrer; Einstellung <Psy>; Bilingualer Unterricht; Einflussfaktor; Wahrnehmung; Schülerleistung; Grundschule; Schuljahr 01; Schuljahr 02; Grundschüler; Lesekompetenz; Naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenz; Mehrsprachigkeit; Befragung; Längsschnittuntersuchung; USA
Abstract: Prior research has shown that English learner (EL) classification is consequential for students; however, less is known about how EL classification affects student outcomes. In this study, we examine one hypothesized mechanism: teacher perceptions. Using a national data set (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 2010-2011 or ECLS-K:2011), we use coarsened exact matching to estimate the effect of kindergarten EL status on teachers' perceptions of students' academic skills. We further explore whether that impact is moderated by instructional setting (bilingual vs. English immersion). We find evidence that EL classification results in lower teacher perceptions. This impact is, however, moderated by bilingual environments. In bilingual classrooms, we do not find evidence that EL classification results in diminished perceptions. This study adds to research on teacher perceptions and the effects of EL classification. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

I don't really belong here. Examining sense of belonging in immigrant and nonimmigrant teacher […] Wolf, Kristin; Maurer, Christina; Kunter, Mareike Journal Article | In: Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie | 2021 41482 Endnote: Author(s): Wolf, Kristin; Maurer, Christina; Kunter, Mareike
Title: I don't really belong here. Examining sense of belonging in immigrant and nonimmigrant teacher students
In: Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 53 (2021) 1/2, S. 1-14
DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000233
URL: https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1026/0049-8637/a000233
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Lehramtsstudent; Migrationshintergrund; Soziale Beziehung; Gemeinschaft; Studienabbruch; Hochschulbildung; Lehrerausbildung; Studienfach; Universität; Student; Befragung; Datenanalyse; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Bedeutung des Zugehörigkeitsgefühls von Lehramtsstudierenden für deren Studienabbruchintention mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Studierenden mit Migrationshintergrund. Es wurden 925 deutsche Lehramtsstudierende zu zwei Messzeitpunkten befragt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Bedeutung des Zugehörigkeitsgefühls für die Studienabbruchintention von Lehramtsstudierenden. Strukturgleichungsmodelle zeigen, dass Studierende mit Migrationshintergrund ein geringeres Zugehörigkeitsgefühl und höhere Studienabbruchintention berichten. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english): The present study investigates the role of sense of belonging on dropout intention in teacher education with a special focus on immigrant teacher students. We present data from a survey of 925 German teacher students using two times of measurement. The results confirm the significance of sense of belonging for the dropout rate among students in teacher education and support our hypotheses that immigrant students show a lower sense of belonging and higher dropout intentions. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen

Soziale Ungleichheit bei den Übergängen ins Studium und in die Promotion. Eine kumulative […] Bachsleitner, Anna; Neumann, Marko; Becker, Michael; Maaz, Kai Journal Article | In: Soziale Welt | 2020 40648 Endnote: Author(s): Bachsleitner, Anna; Neumann, Marko; Becker, Michael; Maaz, Kai
Title: Soziale Ungleichheit bei den Übergängen ins Studium und in die Promotion. Eine kumulative Betrachtung von sozialen Herkunftseffekten im nachschulischen Bildungsverlauf
In: Soziale Welt, 71 (2020) 3, S. 308-340
DOI: 10.5771/0038-6073-2020-3-308
URL: https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-3-308/soziale-ungleichheit-bei-den-uebergaengen-ins-studium-und-in-die-promotion-eine-kumulative-betrachtung-von-sozialen-herkunftseffekten-im-nachschulischen-bildungsverlauf-jahrgang-71-2020-heft-3?page=1
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language: Deutsch
Keywords: Hochschulzulassung; Studienanfänger; Befragung; Regressionsanalyse; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Sachsen-Anhalt; Berlin; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Nordrhein-Westfalen; Soziale Herkunft; Soziale Ungleichheit; Wirkung; Übergang; Studium; Promotionsstudium; Forschungsstand; Hochschulabsolvent; Promotion; Eltern; Bildungsniveau; Einflussfaktor; Bildungsbiografie; Schuljahr 07; Gymnasiale Oberstufe; Schülerleistung; Leistungstest
Abstract: Übergänge im Bildungssystem sind zentral für die Entstehung von sozialer Ungleichheit. Die bestehende Befundlage verweist dabei auf abnehmende Herkunftseffekte vom Übergang ins Gymnasium zum Übergang ins Studium sowie auf eine abnehmende Bedeutung primärer Herkunftseffekte (leistungsbezogener Herkunftseffekte) an den beiden Übergangsschwellen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher auf Grundlage der Längsschnittstudie BIJU, wie sich soziale Herkunftseffekte im nachschulischen Bildungsverlauf vom Übergang ins Studium zum Übergang in die Promotion entwickeln und welchen Anteil primäre Herkunftseffekte an den Übergangsschwellen ins Studium und in die Promotion ausmachen. Mit Hilfe einer Effektdekomposition wird der Erklärungsanteil herkunftsspezifischer Leistungsunterschiede (Schul- und Studienabschlussnoten sowie Testleistungen) ermittelt. Um die kumulierten Herkunftseffekte im nachschulischen Bildungsverlauf zu betrachten, werden die Analysen zum Promotionsübergang neben der selektiven Stichprobe der Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen auch auf die Ausgangsstichprobe der Hochschulzugangsberechtigen bezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass an beiden Übergängen Effekte der Bildungsherkunft bestehen und diese vom Übergang ins Studium zum Übergang in die Promotion abnehmen, wobei der Ungleichheitseffekt insgesamt sich kumuliert. Die Bedeutung von herkunftsspezifischen Leistungsunterschieden nimmt relativ gesehen über beide Übergänge zu, absolut gesehen jedoch ab. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english): Transitions in the educational system are highly important for the emergence of social inequality. Research points at a decrease in social background effects from the transition to secondary education to the transition to tertiary studies as well as to a decrease in the relevance of primary effects (performance-based social background effects) across the two transitions. Based on the longitudinal study BIJU, this study examines the development of the effect of educational background over post-school educational pathways focusing on the transition to tertiary as well as to doctoral studies and investigates which proportion of the social background effect can be traced back to primary effects. By conducting an effect decomposition, the proportion of the social background effect traceable to performance differences is calculated. To analyse the cumulative effect of social background in higher education, the analysis for the transition to doctoral studies was performed using the whole sample of persons with a higher education entrance qualification next to only using the selective sample of graduates with a tertiary degree. The results indicate that an effect of educational background exists at both transition points. This effect is decreasing across the two transitions, however, the inequality is cumulative overall. The relevance of performance differences increases in a relative perspective, however, decreases in an absolute perspective. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments: Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens

German pre-service teachers' evaluations of and reactions to interethnic social exclusion scenarios Beißert, Hanna; Bonefeld, Meike Journal Article | In: Frontiers in Education | 2020 40848 Endnote: Author(s): Beißert, Hanna; Bonefeld, Meike
Title: German pre-service teachers' evaluations of and reactions to interethnic social exclusion scenarios
In: Frontiers in Education, (2020) , S. 5:586962
DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2020.586962
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-231031
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-231031
Publication Type: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language: Englisch
Keywords: Schüler; Soziale Ausgrenzung; Ethnischer Aspekt; Lehramtsstudent; Bewertung; Reaktion; Intervention; Befragung; Szenarium; Deutschland
Abstract (english): This study investigated pre-service teachers' evaluations, reactions, and interventions with regard to interethnic exclusion scenarios in Germany. More specifically, we focused on pre-service teachers (N = 145, 99 female, Mage= 21.34) in the role of observers of exclusion among students. Using hypothetical scenarios in which either a German or a Turkish boy was excluded by other children of his class, we assessed teachers' evaluations of this exclusion behavior. This included evaluating how likely teachers were to intervene in the situation and what they would specifically do. The aim of this research was to examine whether the origin of an excluded student represents a relevant category for teachers' evaluations of and reactions to social exclusion. In addition, we aimed to determine whether teachers include aspects related to group functioning in their considerations. The analyses demonstrated that teachers generally reject social exclusion, with female participants rejecting exclusion even more than male participants. Further, participants evaluated the exclusion of a Turkish protagonist as more reprehensible than the exclusion of a German protagonist. Regarding the likelihood of intervention, the origin of the excluded person was only relevant for male participants; i.e., they were less likely to intervene when the excluded person was German than when the excluded person was Turkish. Analyses of teachers' reasoning revealed their strong focus on inclusion as a social norm, especially in cases of interethnic exclusion. That is, when participants reasoned about the exclusion of the Turkish protagonist, they referred to the social norm of inclusion much more than when talking about the German protagonist. In contrast, aspects related to group functioning were scarcely of importance. In terms of the specific actions that participants would undertake as a reaction to the exclusion situation, no differences related to the origin of the excluded person were found. Hence, the origin of the excluded person factored into both the evaluation of the exclusion and the likelihood of intervention, but once the decision to intervene was made, there were no differences in the specific actions. The results are discussed in light of practical implications and teacher training as well as in terms of implications for future research.
DIPF-Departments: Bildung und Entwicklung