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(Schlagwörter: "Kognitive Prozesse")
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Lower baseline performance but greater plasticity of working memory for carriers of the val allele […]
Bellander, Martin; Bäckman, Lars; Liu, Tian; M.Schjeide, Brit-Maren; Bertram, Lars; […]
Journal Article
| In: Neuropsychology | 2015
35364 Endnote
Author(s):
Bellander, Martin; Bäckman, Lars; Liu, Tian; M.Schjeide, Brit-Maren; Bertram, Lars; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman; Lövdén, Martin
Title:
Lower baseline performance but greater plasticity of working memory for carriers of the val allele of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism
In:
Neuropsychology, 29 (2015) 2, S. 247-254
DOI:
10.1037/neu0000088
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-180838
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/18083/pdf/Bellander_et_al_2015_Effect_of_COMT_on_wm_performance_and_plasticity_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alter Mensch; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Einflussfaktor; Empirische Untersuchung; Genetik; Intelligenztest; Junger Erwachsener; Kognitive Kompetenz; Kognitive Prozesse; Training; Vergleich; Wirkung
Abstract:
Objective: Little is known about genetic contributions to individual differences in cognitive plasticity. Given that the neurotransmitter dopamine is critical for cognition and associated with cognitive plasticity, we investigated the effects of 3 polymorphisms of dopamine-related genes (LMX1A, DRD2, COMT) on baseline performance and plasticity of working memory (WM), perceptual speed, and reasoning. Method: One hundred one younger and 103 older adults underwent approximately 100 days of cognitive training, and extensive testing before and after training. We analyzed the baseline and posttest data using latent change score models. Results: For working memory, carriers of the val allele of the COMT polymorphism had lower baseline performance and larger performance gains from training than carriers of the met allele. There was no significant effect of the other genes or on other cognitive domains. Conclusions: We relate this result to available evidence indicating that met carriers perform better than val carriers in WM tasks taxing maintenance, whereas val carriers perform better at updating tasks. We suggest that val carriers may show larger training gains because updating operations carry greater potential for plasticity than maintenance operations. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Ambulantes Assessment in der Schule. Den schulischen Alltag erfahrbar machen
Bugl, Petra; Schmid, Johanna; Gawrilow, Caterina
Journal Article
| In: Lernen und Lernstörungen | 2015
36029 Endnote
Author(s):
Bugl, Petra; Schmid, Johanna; Gawrilow, Caterina
Title:
Ambulantes Assessment in der Schule. Den schulischen Alltag erfahrbar machen
In:
Lernen und Lernstörungen, 4 (2015) 4, S. 261-268
DOI:
10.1024/2235-0977/a000115
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-139909
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-139909
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Durchführung; Individualität; Intervention; Klassenraum; Kognitive Prozesse; Körpererlebnis; Lehrer; Leistungsbeurteilung; Lernprozess; Messung; Methode; Pädagogische Diagnostik; Pädagogische Psychologie; Psychische Vorgänge; Schulalltag; Schüler; Schulpsychologie
Abstract:
Der Alltag von Schülerinnen und Schülern ist geprägt von Schwankungen des Lernertrags und des Lerngeschehens. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das ambulante Assessment als Methode vorzustellen, die Zugang zu kurzfristig ablaufenden Schwankungen psychischer und physischer Prozesse innerhalb von Schülerinnen und Schülern oder Lehrkräften bietet. Durch zeitlich eng aufeinanderfolgende wiederholte Messungen wird ein neuer Blick auf den Schulalltag möglich. Besonders hervorzuheben ist das Potenzial ambulanten Assessments, Lernprozesse im Kontext eingebettet aus einer intraindividuellen Perspektive heraus zu betrachten. Erste empirische Evidenzen zu Schwankungen des Lerngeschehens als Bedingungen der schulischen Leistung verdeutlichen die Relevanz und den Nutzen ambulanten Assessments. Für eine Anwendung im Klassenzimmer sprechen viele Vorteile. Die konkrete Umsetzung bleibt herausfordernd und verlangt eine Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis. Zukünftige Studien im Schulkontext sind für alle Beteiligten gewinnbringend. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Working memory functioning in children with poor mathematical skills. Relationships to […]
Klesczewski, Julia; Brandenburg, Janin; Fischbach, Anne; Grube, Dietmar; Hasselhorn, Marcus; […]
Journal Article
| In: Zeitschrift für Psychologie | 2015
35638 Endnote
Author(s):
Klesczewski, Julia; Brandenburg, Janin; Fischbach, Anne; Grube, Dietmar; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Büttner, Gerhard
Title:
Working memory functioning in children with poor mathematical skills. Relationships to IQ-achievement discrepancy and additional reading and spelling difficulties
In:
Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 223 (2015) 2, S. 83-92
DOI:
10.1027/2151-2604/a000206
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-127285
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-127285
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Deutschland; Empirische Untersuchung; Grundschulalter; Grundschule; Intelligenzquotient; Kind; Kognitive Prozesse; Lernschwierigkeit; Lesen; Phonologie; Rechenschwäche; Rechtschreibung; Schuljahr 03; Visuelle Wahrnehmung
Abstract:
Previous research on working memory (WM) in children with poor mathematical skills has yielded heterogeneous results, possibly due to inconsistent consideration of the IQ-achievement discrepancy and additional reading and spelling difficulties. To examine the impact of both, the WM of 68 average-achieving and 68 low-achieving third-graders in mathematics was assessed. Preliminary analyses showed that poor mathematical skills were associated with poor WM. Afterwards, children with isolated mathematical difficulties were separated from those with additional reading and spelling difficulties. Half of each group fulfilled the IQ-achievement discrepancy, resulting in a 2 (additional reading and spelling difficulties: yes/no) by 2 (IQ-achievement discrepancy: yes/no) factorial design. Analyses revealed that not fulfilling the IQ achievement discrepancy was associated with poor visual WM, whereas additional reading and spelling difficulties were associated with poor central executive functioning in children fulfilling the IQ-achievement discrepancy. Therefore, WM in children with poor mathematical skills differs according to the IQ-achievement discrepancy and additional reading and spelling difficulties. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep. Daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related […]
Könen, Tanja; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | 2015
34705 Endnote
Author(s):
Könen, Tanja; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep. Daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations
In:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56 (2015) 2, S. 171-182
DOI:
10.1111/jcpp.12296
URL:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12296/abstract
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Deutschland; Einflussfaktor; Empirische Untersuchung; Forschungsprojekt; Grundschulalter; Kind; Kognitive Kompetenz; Kognitive Prozesse; Qualität; Schlaf
Abstract (english):
Recent studies have suggested substantial fluctuations of cognitive performance in adults both across and within days, but very little is known about such fluctuations in children. Children's sleep behavior might have an important influence on their daily cognitive resources, but so far this has not been investigated in terms of naturally occurring within-person variations in children's everyday lives. Methods: In an ambulatory assessment study, 110 elementary school children (8-11 years old) completed sleep items and working memory tasks on smartphones several times per day in school and at home for 4 weeks. Parents provided general information about the children and their sleep habits. Results: We identified substantial fluctuations in the children's daily cognitive performance, self-reported nightly sleep quality, time in bed, and daytime tiredness. All three facets were predictive of performance fluctuations in children's school and daily life. Sleep quality and time in bed were predictive of performance in the morning, and afternoon performance was related to current tiredness. The children with a lower average performance level showed a higher within-person coupling between morning performance and sleep quality. Conclusions: Our findings contribute important insights regarding a potential source of performance fluctuations in children. The effect of varying cognitive resources should be investigated further because it might impact children's daily social, emotional, and learning-related functioning. Theories about children's cognitive and educational development should consider fluctuations on micro-longitudinal scales (e.g., day-to-day) to identify possible mechanisms behind long-term changes. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
How knowing the rules affects solving the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test
Loesche, Patrick; Wiley, Jennifer; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Journal Article
| In: Intelligence | 2015
35061 Endnote
Author(s):
Loesche, Patrick; Wiley, Jennifer; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Title:
How knowing the rules affects solving the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test
In:
Intelligence, 48 (2015) , S. 58-75
DOI:
10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.004
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Chicago; Ill.; Deutschland; Experiment; Frankfurt a.M.; Grundstudium; Induktives Lernen; Intelligenztest; Kognitionspsychologie; Kognitive Prozesse; Problemlösen; Richtlinie; Schüler; Schuljahr 05; Schuljahr 06; Schuljahr 07; Schuljahr 08; Sekundarstufe I; Student; USA; Wissen
Abstract:
The solution process underlying the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) has been conceptualized to consist of two subprocesses: rule induction and goal management. Past research has also found a strong relation between measures of working memory capacity and performance on RAPM. The present research attempted to test whether the goal management subprocess is responsible for the relation between working memory capacity and RAPM, using a paradigm where the rules necessary to solve the problems were given to subjects, assuming that it would render rule induction unnecessary. Three experiments revealed that working memory capacity was still strongly related to RAPM performance in the given-rules condition, while in two experiments the correlation in the given-rules condition was significantly higher than in the no-rules condition. Experiment 4 revealed that giving the rules affected problem solving behavior. Evidence from eye tracking protocols suggested that participants in the given-rules condition were more likely to approach the problems with a constructive matching strategy. Two possible mechanisms are discussed that could both explain why providing participants with the rules might increase the relation between working memory capacity and RAPM performance. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Saving cognitive resources when possible. The role of judgment consequences and the judgment […]
Marksteiner, Tamara; Ask, Karl; Dickhäuser, Oliver; Reinhard, Marc-André
Journal Article
| In: Social Psychology of Education | 2015
35169 Endnote
Author(s):
Marksteiner, Tamara; Ask, Karl; Dickhäuser, Oliver; Reinhard, Marc-André
Title:
Saving cognitive resources when possible. The role of judgment consequences and the judgment tendency of other teachers in teachers' assessment of students
In:
Social Psychology of Education, 18 (2015) 4, S. 735-747
DOI:
10.1007/s11218-015-9291-0
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Deutschland; Einflussfaktor; Erklärung; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Interview; Kognitive Prozesse; Lehrer; Lehrerurteil; Leistungsbeurteilung; Lüge; Schüler; Strategie; Videoaufzeichnung; Wahrheit
Abstract:
The present experimental study explores whether teachers are 'clever' thinkers when assessing students' credibility, i.e., saving cognitive resources when possible and making accurate judgments. Participants were asked to decide whether student statements about using unfair means during a test were true or deceptive. First, participants own judgment tendency (a true vs. lie tendency) was manipulated by informing them about the resource-consuming consequences of their judgment, i.e., giving additional explanations for each student statement they judged as being true (vs. a lie). Before actually judging the students' statements they were informed about the judgment tendency of other teachers about the upcoming student statements (true vs. lie tendency of other teachers). It was assumed that participants 'cleverly' choose a resource-saving judgment tendency and show a true (vs. lie) tendency when additional explanations for their lie (vs. true) judgments were required. Moreover, it was assumed that participants' accuracy rate would be higher if their own judgment tendency opposed the judgment tendency of other teachers. The results indicate that teachers are 'clever' thinkers. Practical implications are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Das Arbeitsgedächtnis nach zu langem Schlaf. Eine transversale, psychometrische Studie
Wolgast, Anett; Neuf, Hartmut
Journal Article
| In: Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung | 2015
35274 Endnote
Author(s):
Wolgast, Anett; Neuf, Hartmut
Title:
Das Arbeitsgedächtnis nach zu langem Schlaf. Eine transversale, psychometrische Studie
In:
Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, 10 (2015) 2, S. 147-152
DOI:
10.1007/s11553-015-0490-5
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-153621
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2018/15362/pdf/Wolgast_das_Arbeitsgedaechtnis_nach_15_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Dauer; Einflussfaktor; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Lesegeschwindigkeit; Psychometrie; Qualität; Schlaf; Test
Abstract:
Das Arbeitsgedächtnis spielt nach den Erkenntnissen der kognitiven Psychologie eine zentrale Rolle für die menschliche Informationsverarbeitung, da es jene Instanz ist, in der alle momentanen, bewussten, sinnlichen oder aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis geladenen Inhalte zusammenlaufen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Arbeitsgedächtnisses wird durch personale und situative Faktoren bestimmt; auch das individuelle Schlafverhalten bzw. die Schlafmenge können das Arbeitsgedächtnis beeinträchtigen. Somit könnte ein statistisch bedeutsamer Zusammenhang zwischen Leistungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und vorheriger Schlafmenge bestehen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird untersucht, in welchem Zusammenhang Prozesse des Arbeitsgedächtnisses mit Schlafgewohnheiten bei Erwachsenen stehen. In einem transversalen, nicht-kontrollierten Studiendesign und einer Stichprobe mit 68 Versuchspersonen wurde der Lesegeschwindigkeitstest aus dem Kurztest zur Messung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses (KAI-N) eingesetzt, das Zahlennachsprechen vorwärts/rückwärts aus dem Wechsler-Intelligenztest (WIE) sowie der Pittsburgh-Schlafqualitätsindex (PSQI). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine niedrige Leistung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses mit einer Schlafdauer von durchschnittlich mehr als 8 h pro Nacht innerhalb der letzten 4 Wochen einhergeht (r = − 0,24; p < 0,05). Davon sind eher basale als komplexe Prozesse betroffen. Regelmäßiger Schlaf über 8 h kann das Arbeitsgedächtnis beeinträchtigen. Es ist z. B. zur akkuraten Abzählung von Tabletten im Klinikalltag erforderlich. Einer Person, die regelmäßig länger als 8 h schläft, wird daher empfohlen, nach der Ausführung von Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgaben das Ergebnis mehrmals zu kontrollieren. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
According to findings from cognitive psychology, working memory plays a central role in human information processing, because it is the place where all current, conscious, and sensual contents or contents downloaded from the long-term memory converge. Working memory capacity is determined by personal and situational factors. Working memory might also be impaired by factors even more fundamental in individual behavior such as sleeping habits. Thus, a statistically significant correlation might exist between working memory performance and prior amount of sleep. The aim of the present study is to investigate associations between working memory and the sleeping habits of adults. In a transversal design without a control group and a sample of 68 adults, we use the reading speed test from the working memory assessment KAI-N, the digit span forward and backward from the Wechsler adult intelligence scale, and the Pittsburgh sleep index. The results suggest that average sleep duration of more than 8 h over the last 4 weeks is associated with a lower performance in working memory (r = − 0.24, p < 0.05), particularly basal processes. Regular sleep of more than 8 h can impair working memory as is, for example, required for the accurate counting of tablets or pills in the clinical setting. For a person who regularly sleeps more than 8 h, we recommend to check a result several times after the execution of working memory tasks. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Intelligence. Central conceptions and psychometric models
Schmiedek, Florian; Li, Shu-Chen
Book Chapter
| Aus: Wright, James D. (Hrsg.): International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences | Oxford: Elsevier | 2015
35366 Endnote
Author(s):
Schmiedek, Florian; Li, Shu-Chen
Title:
Intelligence. Central conceptions and psychometric models
In:
Wright, James D. (Hrsg.): International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, Oxford: Elsevier, 2015 , S. 290-296
DOI:
10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.25014-9
Publication Type:
4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Lexika/Enzyklopädie o.ä.
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Forschung; Genetik; Informationsverarbeitung; Intelligenz; Intelligenzmessung; Intelligenztest; Kognitive Entwicklung; Kognitive Prozesse; Konzeption; Lebensalter; Modell; Psychometrie; Theorie; Umwelteinfluss
Abstract:
Scientific inquiries into the nature of intelligence have journeyed for more than a century and have yielded a broad collection of theoretical conceptions and measurements. This article seeks to provide an overview of research on intelligence. Central theoretical conceptions and related measurement issues are reviewed along three orientations (i.e., the product-process, the human-ecology, the lifespan developmental) as well as their relative emphases on interactions between these dimensions. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Generalization of the worst performance rule across the lifespan
Fernandez, Sebastien; Fagot, Delphine; Dirk, Judith; Ribaupierre, Anik de
Journal Article
| In: Intelligence | 2014
34271 Endnote
Author(s):
Fernandez, Sebastien; Fagot, Delphine; Dirk, Judith; Ribaupierre, Anik de
Title:
Generalization of the worst performance rule across the lifespan
In:
Intelligence, 42 (2014) , S. 31-43
DOI:
10.1016/j.intell.2013.10.001
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-180695
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/18069/pdf/Dirk_2014_generalizationoftheworstperformanceruleacrossthelifespan_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Empirische Untersuchung; Intelligenz; Intelligenzmessung; Junger Erwachsener; Kind; Kognitive Prozesse; Lebensalter; Leistungsfähigkeit; Leistungsschwäche; Reaktion; Regressionsanalyse; Senior; Test; Zeit
Abstract:
The worst performance rule (WPR) predicts that the slowest trials in reaction time (RT) tasks are more strongly related to intelligence than the fastest trials. To date, the WPR was observed mainly in young adults. The present study examined if the WPR holds not only in young adults but also in children and older adults in three kinds of RT tasks (simple RT, choice RT, and inhibition). Results showed that in each age group slowest and fastest trials were related to intelligence but the former correlated with intelligence to a greater extent than the latter. These results support the assumption that the WPR can be generalized across the lifespan.
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
What is not working in working memory of children with literacy disorders? Evidence from a […]
Fischbach, Anne; Könen, Tanja; Rietz, Chantal S.; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Journal Article
| In: Reading and Writing | 2014
33447 Endnote
Author(s):
Fischbach, Anne; Könen, Tanja; Rietz, Chantal S.; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Title:
What is not working in working memory of children with literacy disorders? Evidence from a three-year-longitudinal study
In:
Reading and Writing, 27 (2014) 2, S. 267-286
DOI:
10.1007/s11145-013-9444-5
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-178478
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-178478
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Intelligenztest; Kind; Kognitive Prozesse; Lesestörung; Lesetest; Phonologie; Raumvorstellung; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Schuljahr 05; Visuelle Wahrnehmung
Abstract:
The goals of this study were to explore the deficits in working memory associated with literacy disorders (i.e. developmental disorders of reading and/or spelling) and the developmental trajectories of these working memory deficits. The performance of 28 children with literacy disorders was compared to a non-disabled control group with the same group size at five bi-annual times of measurement in a three-year-longitudinal study beginning at the end of primary school (9.5 years of age). Storage capacity and central-executive working memory were assessed in phonological and visual-spatial modalities, the latter under static and dynamic conditions. Overall, children with literacy disorders were outperformed by their typical developing peers in all phonological and in dynamic visual-spatial storage and central-executive tasks except for the static visual-spatial storage task. Results at single times of measurement revealed that the most consistent deficit was found in the storage capacity of the phonological loop. An additional central-executive impairment is supported by low backward spans. The causes for output deficits in dynamic visual-spatial tasks and good performance under static visual-spatial condition are discussed.
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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