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(Schlagwörter: "Alter Mensch")
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Foreign language learning in older age does not improve memory or intelligence. Evidence from a […]
Berggren, Rasmus; Nilsson, Jonna; Brehmer, Yvonne; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin
Journal Article
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2020
39899 Endnote
Author(s):
Berggren, Rasmus; Nilsson, Jonna; Brehmer, Yvonne; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin
Title:
Foreign language learning in older age does not improve memory or intelligence. Evidence from a randomized controlled study
In:
Psychology and Aging, 35 (2020) 2, S. 212-219
DOI:
10.1037/pag0000439
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fpag0000439
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alter Mensch; Fremdsprache; Lernen; Wirkung; Kognitive Kompetenz; Intelligenz; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Wortschatz; Assoziation; Leistungstest; Testkonstruktion; Strukturgleichungsmodell:Schweden
Abstract:
Foreign language learning in older age has been proposed as a promising avenue for combatting age-related cognitive decline. We tested this hypothesis in a randomized controlled study in a sample of 160 healthy older participants (aged 65-75 years) who were randomized to 11 weeks of either language learning or relaxation training. Participants in the language learning condition obtained some basic knowledge in the new language (Italian), but between-groups differences in improvements on latent factors of verbal intelligence, spatial intelligence, working memory, item memory, or associative memory were negligible. We argue that this is not due to either poor measurement, low course intensity, or low statistical power, but that basic studies in foreign languages in older age are likely to have no or trivially small effects on cognitive abilities. We place this in the context of the cognitive training and engagement literature and conclude that while foreign language learning may expand the behavioral repertoire, it does little to improve cognitive processing abilities.
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Personality across the lifespan. Exploring measurement invariance of a short big five inventory […]
Brandt, Naemi; Becker, Michael; Tetzner, Julia; Brunner, Martin; Kuhl, Poldi; Maaz, Kai
Journal Article
| In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. | 2020
38867 Endnote
Author(s):
Brandt, Naemi; Becker, Michael; Tetzner, Julia; Brunner, Martin; Kuhl, Poldi; Maaz, Kai
Title:
Personality across the lifespan. Exploring measurement invariance of a short big five inventory from ages 11 to 84
In:
European Journal of Psychological Assessment., 36 (2020) 1, S. 162-173
DOI:
10.1027/1015-5759/a000490
URL:
https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Altersgruppe; Vergleich; Validität; Reliabilität; Persönlichkeit; Messung; Indikator; Lebensalter; Erhebungsinstrument; Persönlichkeitsmerkmal; Kind; Grundschulalter; Erwachsener; Alter Mensch;
Abstract:
Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, Mage = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, Mage = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Struktur und Steuerung des Bildungswesens
Vampires and nurses are rated differently by younger and older adults. Age-comparative norms of […]
Grandy, Thomas H.; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Behavior Research Methods | 2020
40426 Endnote
Author(s):
Grandy, Thomas H.; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Vampires and nurses are rated differently by younger and older adults. Age-comparative norms of imageability and emotionality for about 2500 German nouns
In:
Behavior Research Methods, 52 (2020) , S. 980-989
DOI:
10.3758/s13428-019-01294-2
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-232749
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-232749
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Vorstellung <Psy>; Emotion; Wort; Verhalten; Wohlbefinden; Kognitive Kompetenz; Gedächtnis; Leistungsfähigkeit; Semantik; Phonologie; Altersgruppe; Vergleich; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
Imageability and emotionality ratings for 2592 German nouns (3-10 letters, one to three phonological syllables) were obtained from younger adults (21-31 years) and older adults (70-86 years). Valid ratings were obtained on average from 20 younger and 23 older adults per word for imageability, and from 18 younger and 19 older adults per word for emotionality. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and retest rank-order stability of the ratings were high for both age groups (α and r ≥ .97). Also, the validity of our ratings was found to be high, as compared to previously published ratings (r ≥ .86). The ratings showed substantial rank-order stability across younger and older adults (imageability, r = .94; emotionality, r = .85). At the same time, systematic differences between age groups were found in the mean levels of ratings (imageability, d = 0.38; emotionality, d = 0.20) and in the extent to which the rating scales were used (imageability, SD = 24 vs. 19, scale of 0 to 100; emotionality, SD = 26 vs. 31, scale of −100 to 100). At the descriptive level, our data hint at systematically different evaluations of semantic categories regarding imageability and emotionality across younger and older adults. Given that imageability and emotionality have been reported, for instance, as important determinants for the recognition and recall of words, our findings highlight the importance of considering age-specific information in age-comparative cognitive (neuroscience) experimental studies using word materials. The age-specific imageability and emotionality ratings for the 2592 German nouns can be found in the electronic supplementary material 1. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
A boon and a bane. Comparing the effects of prior knowledge on memory across the lifespan
Brod, Garvin; Lee Shing, Yee
Journal Article
| In: Developmental Psychology | 2019
39745 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin; Lee Shing, Yee
Title:
A boon and a bane. Comparing the effects of prior knowledge on memory across the lifespan
In:
Developmental Psychology, 55 (2019) 6, S. 1326-1337
DOI:
10.1037/dev0000712
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fdev0000712
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Vorwissen; Wissen; Wirkung; Gedächtnis; Lebensalter; Erinnerung; Fehler; Informationsverarbeitung; Objekt; Raum; Assoziation; Kind; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Leistungsfähigkeit; Test; Altersgruppe; Vergleich
Abstract:
We tested 6- to 7-year-olds, 18- to 22-year-olds, and 67- to 74-year-olds on an associative memory task that consisted of knowledge-congruent and knowledge-incongruent object-scene pairs that were highly familiar to all age groups. We compared the 3 age groups on their memory congruency effect (i.e., better memory for knowledge-congruent associations) and on a schema bias score, which measures participants' tendency to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors. We found that prior knowledge similarly benefited memory for items encoded in a congruent context in all age groups. However, for associative memory, older adults and, to a lesser extent, children overrelied on their prior knowledge, as indicated by an enhanced congruency effect and schema bias. Functional MRI (fMRI) performed during memory encoding revealed an age-independent Memory × Congruency interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the magnitude of vmPFC recruitment correlated positively with the schema bias. These findings suggest that older adults are most prone to rely on their prior knowledge for episodic memory decisions, but that children can also rely heavily on prior knowledge that they are well acquainted with. Furthermore, the fMRI results suggest that the vmPFC plays a key role in the assimilation of new information into existing knowledge structures across the entire life span. vmPFC recruitment leads to better memory for knowledge-congruent information but also to a heightened susceptibility to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors, in particular in children and older adults. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Age differences in proactive coping with minor hassles in daily life
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Smyth, Joshua M.; Sliwinski, Martin J.
Journal Article
| In: Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | 2019
38446 Endnote
Author(s):
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Smyth, Joshua M.; Sliwinski, Martin J.
Title:
Age differences in proactive coping with minor hassles in daily life
In:
Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74 (2019) 1, S. 7-16
DOI:
10.1093/geronb/gby061
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-168832
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/16883/pdf/JGPS_2019_1_Neubauer_Smyth_Sliwinski_Age_differences_in_proactive_coping_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alltag; Alter Mensch; Altersgruppe; Bewältigung; Coping; Empirische Untersuchung; Junger Erwachsener; Messverfahren; Schwierigkeit; Vergleich; Wirkung
Abstract (english):
Objectives: Age differences in the exposure to minor hassles in daily life have been postulated by socioemotional selectivity theory and reported by previous research, with older adults reporting fewer stressors. The present study examined two potential mechanisms explaining this reduction in reported stressor exposure with advancing age: age-related changes in proactive coping and in the threshold of labeling an event as stressor. Method: Participants (N = 178; 20-79 years; M = 49.5; SD = 17; 51% female) were investigated in a measurement burst study consisting of three measurement bursts (each comprised of five daily assessments for 7 consecutive days), separated by 9 months each. Results: Older age was unrelated to reporting an event or the thresholds for labeling the event as a stressor, but was positively related to self-reported use of proactive coping and negatively related to reported event severity. Discussion: Results are consistent with the view that older adults engage in more proactive coping to deal with minor hassles in their daily lives to manage these problems before they become more stressful. Older adults did not report fewer potentially stressful events but they reported these events as less unpleasant. The adaptive value of proactive coping, in particular for older adults, is discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Back to the future. Examining age differences in processes before stressor exposure
Neupert, Shevaun D.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Scott, Stacey B.; Hyun, Jinshil; Sliwinski, Martin J.
Journal Article
| In: Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | 2019
38480 Endnote
Author(s):
Neupert, Shevaun D.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Scott, Stacey B.; Hyun, Jinshil; Sliwinski, Martin J.
Title:
Back to the future. Examining age differences in processes before stressor exposure
In:
Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74 (2019) 1, S. 1-6
DOI:
10.1093/geronb/gby074
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-189687
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/18968/pdf/JGPS_2019_1_Neupert_et_al_Back_to_the_future_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alltag; Alter Mensch; Altersgruppe; Bewältigung; Coping; Emotion; Erwartung; Junger Erwachsener; Kognition; Prognose; Resilienz; Strategie; Stress; Vergleich; Wirkung
Abstract:
Although it is generally accepted that stress is associated with poorer health and cognitive functioning, previous work has focused on what happens after stressors occur [...]. In this special section, we present a novel conceptual framework and initial empirical work that integrates the temporal space of anticipation before stressors occur. Understanding processes that may prevent exposure to or reduce the effects of stressors can have tremendous benefits for longevity and successful aging. In this overview, we describe our conceptual framework and relevant aging theories that form the foundation for our predictions across studies. We also briefly introduce the data sets and study designs and propose preliminary implications. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Paper-based assessment of the effects of aging on response time in processing speed. A diffusion […]
Dirk, Judith; Kratzsch, Gesa Katharina; Prindle, John P.; Kröhne, Ulf; Goldhammer, Frank; […]
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Intelligence | 2017
37296 Endnote
Author(s):
Dirk, Judith; Kratzsch, Gesa Katharina; Prindle, John P.; Kröhne, Ulf; Goldhammer, Frank; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Paper-based assessment of the effects of aging on response time in processing speed. A diffusion model analysis
In:
Journal of Intelligence, 5 (2017) 2, S. 1-16
DOI:
10.3390/jintelligence5020012
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-191786
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/19178/pdf/jintelligence_2017_2_Dirk_et_al_Paper-based_assessment_of_the_effects_of_aging_on_response_time_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Alter Mensch; Altern; Antwort; Deutschland; Empirische Untersuchung; Junger Erwachsener; Kognitionspsychologie; Leistung; Messung; Modell; Vergleichsuntersuchung; Zeit
Abstract:
The effects of aging on response time were examined in a paper-based lexical-decision experiment with younger (age 18-36) and older (age 64-75) adults, applying Ratcliff's diffusion model. Using digital pens allowed the paper-based assessment of response times for single items. Age differences previously reported by Ratcliff and colleagues in computer-based experiments were partly replicated: older adults responded more conservatively than younger adults and showed a slowing of their nondecision components of RT by 53 ms. The rates of evidence accumulation (drift rate) showed no age-related differences. Participants with a higher score in a vocabulary test also had higher drift rates. The experiment demonstrates the possibility to use formal processing models with paper-based tests. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung; Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Age differences in coupling of intraindividual variability in mnemonic strategies and […]
Hertzog, Christopher; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2017
38050 Endnote
Author(s):
Hertzog, Christopher; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Age differences in coupling of intraindividual variability in mnemonic strategies and practice-related associative recall improvements
In:
Psychology and Aging, 32 (2017) 6, S. 557-571
DOI:
10.1037/pag0000177
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Gedächtnishilfe; Strategie; Assoziation; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Wirkung; Effektivität; Leistungssteigerung; Test; Empirische Untersuchung; Vergleich
Abstract:
The importance of encoding strategies for associative recall is well established, but there have been no studies of aging and intraindividual variability (IAV) in strategy use during extended practice. We observed strategy use and cued-recall test performance over 101 days of practice in 101 younger adults (M = 25.6 years) and 103 older adults (M = 71.3 years) sandwiched by a pretest and posttest battery including an associative recall test. Each practice session included 2 lists of 12 number-noun paired-associate (PA) items (e.g., 23-DOGS), presented for brief exposures titrated to maintain below-ceiling performance throughout practice. Participants reported strategy use (e.g., rote repetition, imagery) after each test. Substantial IAV in strategy use was detected that was coupled with performance; lists studied with normatively effective strategies (e.g., imagery) generated higher PA recall than lists studied with less effective strategies (e.g., rote repetition). In comparison to younger adults, older adults' practice (a) relied more on repetition and less on effective strategies, (b) showed lower levels of IAV in effective strategy use, and (c) had lower within-person strategy-recall coupling, especially late in practice. Individual differences in pretest-posttest gains in PA recall were predicted by average level of effective strategy use in young adults but by strategy-recall coupling in older adults. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that experiencing variability in strategic outcomes during practice helps hone the effectiveness of strategic encoding behavior, and that older adults' reduced degree of pretest-posttest gains is influenced by lower likelihood of using and optimizing effective strategies through practice. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Reduced impact of alcohol use on next-day tiredness in older relative to younger adults. A role for […]
Lydon-Staley, David M.; Ram, Nilam; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2017
38049 Endnote
Author(s):
Lydon-Staley, David M.; Ram, Nilam; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Reduced impact of alcohol use on next-day tiredness in older relative to younger adults. A role for sleep duration
In:
Psychology and Aging, 32 (2017) 7, S. 642-653
DOI:
10.1037/pag0000198
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Schlaf; Dauer; Qualität; Alter Mensch; Junger Erwachsener; Alkoholkonsum; Wirkung; Einflussfaktor; Leistungsfähigkeit; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Empirische Untersuchung; Vergleich
Abstract:
Recent work has suggested that older adults may be less susceptible to the next-day effects of alcohol relative to younger adults. The effects of alcohol in younger adults may be mediated by sleep duration, but due to age differences in the contexts of alcohol use, this mediation process may not generalize to older adults. The present study examined age-group (younger vs. older adults) differences in how alcohol use influenced next-day tiredness during daily life. Reports of alcohol use, sleep duration, and next-day tiredness obtained on ∼101 days from 91 younger adults (ages 20-31 years) and 75 older adults (ages 65-80 years) were modeled using a multilevel, moderated mediation framework. Findings indicated that (a) greater-than-usual alcohol use was associated with greater-than-usual tiredness in younger adults only, (b) greater-than-usual alcohol use was associated with shorter-than-usual sleep duration in younger adults only, and (c) shorter-than-usual sleep duration was associated with greater tiredness in both younger and older adults. For the prototypical younger adult, a significant portion (43%) of the association between alcohol use and next-day tiredness could be explained assuming mediation through sleep duration, whereas there was no evidence of mediation for the prototypical older adult. Findings of age differences in the mediation process underlying associations among alcohol use, sleep, and tiredness provide insight into the mechanisms driving recent observations of reduced next-day effects of alcohol in older relative to younger adults. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Long-term effects of an extensive cognitive training on personality development
Sander, Julia; Schmiedek, Florian; Brose, Annette; Wagner, Gert G.; Specht, Jule
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Personality | 2017
36804 Endnote
Author(s):
Sander, Julia; Schmiedek, Florian; Brose, Annette; Wagner, Gert G.; Specht, Jule
Title:
Long-term effects of an extensive cognitive training on personality development
In:
Journal of Personality, 85 (2017) 4, S. 454-463
DOI:
10.1111/jopy.12252
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-176691
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/17669/pdf/Schmiedek_2017_long-term_JoP_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Training; Kognitive Entwicklung; Wirkung; Persönlichkeitsentwicklung; Persönlichkeitsmerkmal; Veränderung; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Aufmerksamkeit; Reaktion; Dauer; Erkenntnis; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leistungsfähigkeit; Leistungstest; Altersgruppe; Vergleich; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Längsschnittuntersuchung
Abstract:
Previous research found that cognitive training increases the Big Five personality trait openness to experience during and some weeks after the intervention. The present study investigated whether long-term changes happen in openness to experience and other personality traits after an extensive cognitive training of memory and perceptual speed. Method: Intervention group consisted of 204 adults (20-31 years and 65-80 years, 50% female), who received daily one-hour cognitive training sessions for about 100 days. The control group consisted of 86 adults (21-29 years and 65-82 years, 51% female), who received no cognitive training. All participants answered the NEO Five-Factor Inventory before and two years after the cognitive training. Latent change models were applied that controlled for age group (young vs. old) and gender. In the long-run the cognitive training did not affect changes in any facet of openness to experience. This was true for young and old participants as well as for men and women. Instead, the cognitive training lowered the general increase of conscientiousness. Conclusion: Even an extensive cognitive training on memory and perceptual speed does not serve as a sufficient intervention for enduring changes in openness to experiences or one of its facets. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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