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When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Journal Article
| In: Learning and Instruction | 2018
38340 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Title:
When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
In:
Learning and Instruction, 55 (2018) , S. 22-31
DOI:
10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.013
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Wissenserwerb; Gedächtnis; Prognose; Geografie; Fußball; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Erwartung; Feedback; Verhalten; Messverfahren; Wirkung; Lernen
Abstract:
Using both behavioral and eye-tracking methodology, we tested whether and how asking students to generate predictions is an efficient technique to improve learning. In particular, we designed two tasks to test whether the surprise induced by outcomes that violate expectations enhances learning. Data from the first task revealed that asking participants to generate predictions, as compared to making post hoc evaluations, facilitated acquisition of geography knowledge. Pupillometry measurements revealed that expectancy-violating outcomes led to a surprise response only when a prediction was made beforehand, and that the strength of this response was positively related to the amount of learning. Data from the second task demonstrated that making predictions about the outcomes of soccer matches specifically improved memory for expectancy-violating events. These results suggest that a specific benefit of making predictions in learning contexts is that it creates the opportunity for the learner to be surprised. Implications for theory and educational practice are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Journal Article
| In: Neuropsychologia | 2018
38341 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Title:
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
In:
Neuropsychologia, 111 (2018) , S. 8-15
DOI:
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.005
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-161012
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/16101/pdf/Brod_Specifying_the_role_of_the_ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex_2018_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Wissenserwerb; Wissen; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Erinnerung; Test; Verfahren; Neurowissenschaften
Abstract:
Recent neuroimaging research suggests that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an important role for successful memory formation that takes place in the context of activated prior knowledge. These findings led to the notion that the vmPFC integrates new information into existing knowledge structures. However, a considerable number of neuroimaging studies that have investigated memory formation in the context of prior knowledge have not found vmPFC involvement. To resolve this inconsistency, we propose a distinction between knowledge-relevance (the degree to which new information can be linked to prior knowledge) and knowledge-congruency (the perceived match between prior knowledge and the to-be-encoded information). We hypothesized that the vmPFC contributes to successful memory formation only when perceived knowledge-congruency is high, independent of knowledge-relevance. We tested this hypothesis in a design that varied both congruency and relevance during memory encoding, which was performed in the MR scanner. As predicted, the results showed that vmPFC contributions to memory formation vary as a function of knowledge-congruency, but not as a function of knowledge-relevance. Our finding contributes to elucidating the seemingly inconsistent findings in the literature and helps to specify the role of the vmPFC in memory formation. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Diagnostische Kompetenz von Eltern und Lehrern
Schrader, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Praetorius, Anna-Katharina
Book Chapter
| Aus: Rost, Detlef H.; Sparfeldt, Jörn R.;Buch, Susanne R. (Hrsg.): Handwörterbuch Pädagogische Psychologie | Weinheim: Beltz | 2018
35944 Endnote
Author(s):
Schrader, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Praetorius, Anna-Katharina
Title:
Diagnostische Kompetenz von Eltern und Lehrern
In:
Rost, Detlef H.; Sparfeldt, Jörn R.;Buch, Susanne R. (Hrsg.): Handwörterbuch Pädagogische Psychologie, Weinheim: Beltz, 2018 , S. 92-98
Publication Type:
4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Lexika/Enzyklopädie o.ä.
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Pädagogische Diagnostik; Kompetenz; Eltern; Lehrer; Begriff; Definition; Urteilsfähigkeit; Qualität; Schülerbeurteilung; Lehrerurteil;
Abstract:
Mit Diagnostischer Kompetenz [...] von Eltern und Lehrern bezeichnet man deren Fähigkeit, die bei der Ausübung ihrer Rolle anfallenden Diagnoseleistungen so zu erbringen, dass sie bestimmten Güte- oder Qualitätskriterien genügen. Diagnostische Aktivitäten beziehen sich auf die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Informationen, die für die Beurteilung von Personen wichtig sind. Sie können auf explizite, systematisch und reflektiert gewonnene sowie methodisch abgesicherte Aussagen (formelle Diagnostik) abzielen oder in subjektiven Einschätzungen, die oft implizit bleiben (informelle Diagnostik), resultieren. [...] Bei der Forschung zur diagnostischen Kompetenz von Eltern und Lehrern steht nach wie vor die Urteilsakkuratheit im Vordergrund. Die weitere Aufhellung nicht nur der Urteilsqualität, sondern auch des Urteilsprozesses[...] sind wichtige Desiderata künftiger Forschung. [...] (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
The effects of teachers' reference norm orientations on students' implicit theories and academic […]
Dickhäuser, Oliver; Janke, Stefan; Praetorius, Anna-Katharina; Dresel, Markus
Journal Article
| In: Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie | 2017
36693 Endnote
Author(s):
Dickhäuser, Oliver; Janke, Stefan; Praetorius, Anna-Katharina; Dresel, Markus
Title:
The effects of teachers' reference norm orientations on students' implicit theories and academic self-concepts
In:
Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 31 (2017) 3/4, S. 205-219
DOI:
10.1024/1010-0652/a000208
URL:
http://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1024/1010-0652/a000208
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lehrer; Leistungsbeurteilung; Vergleich; Orientierung; Wirkung; Schüler; Motivation; Überzeugung; Selbstkonzept; Fähigkeit; Theorie; Veränderung; Mathematikunterricht; Gymnasium; Schuljahr 05; Schuljahr 06; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Empirische Untersuchung
Abstract:
Lehrkräfte unterscheiden sich in dem Ausmaß, in dem sie temporale Vergleiche (temporale Bezugsnormorientierung, TO) oder soziale Vergleiche (soziale Bezugsnormorientierung, SO) bevorzugen, wenn sie Schülerleistungen bewerten. Eine TO soll dabei förderlich für die Entwicklung günstiger motivationaler Überzeugungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern sein. Wir nutzen Daten aus einer Längsschnittstichprobe im Fach Mathematik mit 1641 Gymnasialschülern/-schülerinnen aus 69 Klassen, die sich über die fünfte und sechste Jahrgangsstufe erstreckte. Selbstkonzepte und die implizite Theorie von Fähigkeiten als veränderbar der Schüler/-innen wurden zu jedem Messzeitpunkt erfasst, TO und SO wurden anhand aggregierter Schülerratings erfasst. Wachstumskurvenmodelle zeigten eine Verschlechterung der Selbstkonzepte und impliziten Fähigkeitstheorien. Die bei dieser Entwicklung zu beobachtenden Inter-Klassen-Unterschiede standen mit der Bezugsnorm-Orientierung im Zusammenhang: Eine TO ging mit geringeren, eine SO mit stärkeren Verschlechterungen der beiden motivationalen Überzeugungen einher. Wie erwartet waren die negativen Effekte der SO auf das Selbstkonzept bei Leistungsschwächeren verstärkt. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
Teachers differ in their tendency to prefer temporal comparisons (temporal reference norm orientation, TO) and social comparisons (social reference norm orientation, SO) when judging students' achievements. A TO was postulated to enhance students' motivational beliefs. We used a longitudinal sample of 1641 students (69 mathematics classes) from comprehensive secondary schools (Gymnasium) across grades 5 and 6 to test this hypothesis. Students' mathematical self-concepts and their implicit theory of math ability as incremental were assessed at each point of measurement. Their math teachers' TO and SO were assessed using aggregated students' ratings. Growth curve modeling showed a decline in students' self-concepts and their implicit theory. Between-class differences in the amount of decline were associated with teachers' reference norm orientations: TO was associated with a decelerated decline in students' self-concepts and implicit theory, SO with an accelerated decline. The SO effects on students' self-concept were more pronounced given lower students' achievement. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Age differences in coupling of intraindividual variability in mnemonic strategies and […]
Hertzog, Christopher; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2017
38050 Endnote
Author(s):
Hertzog, Christopher; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Age differences in coupling of intraindividual variability in mnemonic strategies and practice-related associative recall improvements
In:
Psychology and Aging, 32 (2017) 6, S. 557-571
DOI:
10.1037/pag0000177
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Gedächtnishilfe; Strategie; Assoziation; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Wirkung; Effektivität; Leistungssteigerung; Test; Empirische Untersuchung; Vergleich
Abstract:
The importance of encoding strategies for associative recall is well established, but there have been no studies of aging and intraindividual variability (IAV) in strategy use during extended practice. We observed strategy use and cued-recall test performance over 101 days of practice in 101 younger adults (M = 25.6 years) and 103 older adults (M = 71.3 years) sandwiched by a pretest and posttest battery including an associative recall test. Each practice session included 2 lists of 12 number-noun paired-associate (PA) items (e.g., 23-DOGS), presented for brief exposures titrated to maintain below-ceiling performance throughout practice. Participants reported strategy use (e.g., rote repetition, imagery) after each test. Substantial IAV in strategy use was detected that was coupled with performance; lists studied with normatively effective strategies (e.g., imagery) generated higher PA recall than lists studied with less effective strategies (e.g., rote repetition). In comparison to younger adults, older adults' practice (a) relied more on repetition and less on effective strategies, (b) showed lower levels of IAV in effective strategy use, and (c) had lower within-person strategy-recall coupling, especially late in practice. Individual differences in pretest-posttest gains in PA recall were predicted by average level of effective strategy use in young adults but by strategy-recall coupling in older adults. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that experiencing variability in strategic outcomes during practice helps hone the effectiveness of strategic encoding behavior, and that older adults' reduced degree of pretest-posttest gains is influenced by lower likelihood of using and optimizing effective strategies through practice. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Increased instruction hours and the widening gap in student performance
Huebener, Mathias; Kuger, Susanne; Marcus, Jan
Journal Article
| In: Labour Economics | 2017
37661 Endnote
Author(s):
Huebener, Mathias; Kuger, Susanne; Marcus, Jan
Title:
Increased instruction hours and the widening gap in student performance
In:
Labour Economics, 47 (2017) , S. 15-34
DOI:
10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.007
URL:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116302755
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Datenanalyse; Deutschland; Leistungsfähigkeit; Leistungsmessung; Lerninhalt; PISA <Programme for International Student Assessment>; Schüler; Schülerleistung; Schuljahr 09; Schulreform; Schulzeit; Unterrichtszeit; Unterschied; Vergleich; Wirkung; Zeitbudget
Abstract (english):
Do increased instruction hours improve the performance of all students? Using PISA scores of students in ninth grade, we analyse the effect of a German education reform that increased weekly instruction hours by two hours (6.5 percent) over almost five years. In the additional time, students are taught new learning content. On average, the reform improves student performance. However, treatment effects are small and differ across the student performance distribution. Low-performing students benefit less than high-performing students. We argue that the content of additional instruction time is an important determinant explaining this pattern. The findings demonstrate that increases in instruction hours can widen the gap between low- and high-performing students. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Differences in arithmetic performance between Chinese and German adults are accompanied by […]
Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Li, Peng; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; […]
Journal Article
| In: PLoS ONE | 2017
37681 Endnote
Author(s):
Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Li, Peng; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Yan, Song
Title:
Differences in arithmetic performance between Chinese and German adults are accompanied by differences in processing of non-symbolic numerical magnitude
In:
PLoS ONE, 12 (2017) 4, S. e0174991
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0174991
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-191811
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/19181/pdf/pone_2017_4_Lonnemann_et_al_Differences_in_arithmetic_performance_between_Chinese_and_German_adults_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Erwachsener; Chinese; Deutscher; Unterschied; Größe; Vergleich; Aufgabe; Test; Arithmetik; Leistung; Informationsverarbeitung; Denkfähigkeit; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; China; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
Human beings are assumed to possess an approximate number system (ANS) dedicated to extracting and representing approximate numerical magnitude information. The ANS is assumed to be fundamental to arithmetic learning and has been shown to be associated with arithmetic performance. It is, however, still a matter of debate whether better arithmetic skills are reflected in the ANS. To address this issue, Chinese and German adults were compared regarding their performance in simple arithmetic tasks and in a non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task. Chinese participants showed a better performance in solving simple arithmetic tasks and faster reaction times in the non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task without making more errors than their German peers. These differences in performance could not be ascribed to differences in general cognitive abilities. Better arithmetic skills were thus found to be accompanied by a higher speed of retrieving non-symbolic numerical magnitude knowledge but not by a higher precision of non-symbolic numerical magnitude representations. The group difference in the speed of retrieving non- symbolic numerical magnitude knowledge was fully mediated by the performance in arithmetic tasks, suggesting that arithmetic skills shape non-symbolic numerical magnitude pro- cessing skills. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Reduced impact of alcohol use on next-day tiredness in older relative to younger adults. A role for […]
Lydon-Staley, David M.; Ram, Nilam; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian
Journal Article
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2017
38049 Endnote
Author(s):
Lydon-Staley, David M.; Ram, Nilam; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian
Title:
Reduced impact of alcohol use on next-day tiredness in older relative to younger adults. A role for sleep duration
In:
Psychology and Aging, 32 (2017) 7, S. 642-653
DOI:
10.1037/pag0000198
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Schlaf; Dauer; Qualität; Alter Mensch; Junger Erwachsener; Alkoholkonsum; Wirkung; Einflussfaktor; Leistungsfähigkeit; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Empirische Untersuchung; Vergleich
Abstract:
Recent work has suggested that older adults may be less susceptible to the next-day effects of alcohol relative to younger adults. The effects of alcohol in younger adults may be mediated by sleep duration, but due to age differences in the contexts of alcohol use, this mediation process may not generalize to older adults. The present study examined age-group (younger vs. older adults) differences in how alcohol use influenced next-day tiredness during daily life. Reports of alcohol use, sleep duration, and next-day tiredness obtained on ∼101 days from 91 younger adults (ages 20-31 years) and 75 older adults (ages 65-80 years) were modeled using a multilevel, moderated mediation framework. Findings indicated that (a) greater-than-usual alcohol use was associated with greater-than-usual tiredness in younger adults only, (b) greater-than-usual alcohol use was associated with shorter-than-usual sleep duration in younger adults only, and (c) shorter-than-usual sleep duration was associated with greater tiredness in both younger and older adults. For the prototypical younger adult, a significant portion (43%) of the association between alcohol use and next-day tiredness could be explained assuming mediation through sleep duration, whereas there was no evidence of mediation for the prototypical older adult. Findings of age differences in the mediation process underlying associations among alcohol use, sleep, and tiredness provide insight into the mechanisms driving recent observations of reduced next-day effects of alcohol in older relative to younger adults. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Long-term effects of an extensive cognitive training on personality development
Sander, Julia; Schmiedek, Florian; Brose, Annette; Wagner, Gert G.; Specht, Jule
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Personality | 2017
36804 Endnote
Author(s):
Sander, Julia; Schmiedek, Florian; Brose, Annette; Wagner, Gert G.; Specht, Jule
Title:
Long-term effects of an extensive cognitive training on personality development
In:
Journal of Personality, 85 (2017) 4, S. 454-463
DOI:
10.1111/jopy.12252
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-176691
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/17669/pdf/Schmiedek_2017_long-term_JoP_A.pdf
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Gedächtnis; Training; Kognitive Entwicklung; Wirkung; Persönlichkeitsentwicklung; Persönlichkeitsmerkmal; Veränderung; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Aufmerksamkeit; Reaktion; Dauer; Erkenntnis; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leistungsfähigkeit; Leistungstest; Altersgruppe; Vergleich; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Längsschnittuntersuchung
Abstract:
Previous research found that cognitive training increases the Big Five personality trait openness to experience during and some weeks after the intervention. The present study investigated whether long-term changes happen in openness to experience and other personality traits after an extensive cognitive training of memory and perceptual speed. Method: Intervention group consisted of 204 adults (20-31 years and 65-80 years, 50% female), who received daily one-hour cognitive training sessions for about 100 days. The control group consisted of 86 adults (21-29 years and 65-82 years, 51% female), who received no cognitive training. All participants answered the NEO Five-Factor Inventory before and two years after the cognitive training. Latent change models were applied that controlled for age group (young vs. old) and gender. In the long-run the cognitive training did not affect changes in any facet of openness to experience. This was true for young and old participants as well as for men and women. Instead, the cognitive training lowered the general increase of conscientiousness. Conclusion: Even an extensive cognitive training on memory and perceptual speed does not serve as a sufficient intervention for enduring changes in openness to experiences or one of its facets. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
On-entry assessment of school competencies and academic achievement. A comparison between Slovenia […]
Vidmar, Maša; Niklas, Frank; Schneider, Wolfgang; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Journal Article
| In: European Journal of Psychology of Education | 2017
37061 Endnote
Author(s):
Vidmar, Maša; Niklas, Frank; Schneider, Wolfgang; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Title:
On-entry assessment of school competencies and academic achievement. A comparison between Slovenia and Germany
In:
European Journal of Psychology of Education, 32 (2017) 2, S. 311-331
DOI:
10.1007/s10212-016-0294-9
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-174345
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-174345
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Deutschland; Fähigkeit; Faktorenanalyse; Grundschüler; Internationaler Vergleich; Korrelationsanalyse; Leistungsbeurteilung; Leistungsmessung; Lesen; Prognose; Prognostischer Test; Rechnen; Schreiben; Schulanfänger; Schülerleistung; Slowenien; Strukturgleichungsmodell
Abstract:
The foundation of school success is laid early in children's lives. Consequently, assessments of academic precursors may help to identify children in need of additional support. Such early assessments could also be interesting from an international perspective when educational systems are compared. This analysis is used to inform on the comparability of Slovenian and German versions of the English on-school-entry assessment tool "Performance Indicators in Primary School" (PIPS; Tymms and Albone 2002). PIPS was also used to predict later academic achievement in the two national samples. The German sample consisted of 468 children with a mean age of about 6;6 years at school entry (48.7 % girls). In Slovenia, 328 children (49 % girls) were assessed (mean age of about 6;3 years at school entry). Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses for PIPS did not support weak measurement invariance. However, results indicated that the number of factors as well as the pattern of loadings seems to be comparable. Further research is needed to examine in which respects PIPS might work as a tool for international comparisons. Structural equation modelling indicated that PIPS can be used as a predictor of academic achievement and that overall academic achievement could be predicted best by early numeracy. PIPS measures of literacy and numeracy skills were specific and significant predictors of children's later language and math achievement in grade 1. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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