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Predicting as a learning strategy
Brod, Garvin
Journal Article
| In: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | 2021
42310 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin
Title:
Predicting as a learning strategy
In:
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28 (2021) 6, S. 1839-1847
DOI:
10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1
URL:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lernstrategie; Prognose; Information; Wissen; Antwort; Gedächtnis; Kognitive Prozesse; Strategie; Vergleich; Neugier; Fehler; Feedback; Unterricht; Forschung
Abstract (english):
This article attempts to delineate the procedural and mechanistic characteristics of predicting as a learning strategy. While asking students to generate a prediction before presenting the correct answer has long been a popular learning strategy, the exact mechanisms by which it improves learning are only beginning to be unraveled. Moreover, predicting shares many features with other retrieval-based learning strategies (e.g., practice testing, pretesting, guessing), which begs the question of whether there is more to it than getting students to engage in active retrieval. I argue that active retrieval as such does not suffice to explain beneficial effects of predicting. Rather, the effectiveness of predicting is also linked to changes in the way the ensuing feedback is processed. Initial evidence suggests that predicting boosts surprise about unexpected answers, which leads to enhanced attention to the correct answer and strengthens its encoding. I propose that it is this affective aspect of predicting that sets it apart from other retrieval-based learning strategies, particularly from guessing. Predicting should thus be considered as a learning strategy in its own right. Studying its unique effects on student learning promises to bring together research on formal models of learning from prediction error, epistemic emotions, and instructional design. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Toward an understanding of when prior knowledge helps or hinders learning
Brod, Garvin
Journal Article
| In: npj Science of Learning | 2021
42308 Endnote
Author(s):
Brod, Garvin
Title:
Toward an understanding of when prior knowledge helps or hinders learning
In:
npj Science of Learning, 6 (2021) , S. 24
DOI:
10.1038/s41539-021-00103-w
URL:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-021-00103-w
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Einflussfaktor; Gedächtnis; Kognition; Lernen; Lernerfolg; Lernprozess; Lerntheorie; Vorwissen
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
For unto every one that hath shall be given. Teachers' competence profiles regarding the promotion […]
Dignath, Charlotte
Journal Article
| In: Metacognition and Learning | 2021
42408 Endnote
Author(s):
Dignath, Charlotte
Title:
For unto every one that hath shall be given. Teachers' competence profiles regarding the promotion of self‑regulated learning moderate the effectiveness of short‑term teacher training
In:
Metacognition and Learning, 16 (2021) 3, S. 555-594
DOI:
10.1007/s11409-021-09271-x
URL:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11409-021-09271-x
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lehrer; Kompetenz; Lernen; Selbstregulation; Unterricht; Schüler; Förderung; Kognitive Prozesse; Metakognition; Motivation; Wissen; Überzeugung; Selbstwirksamkeit; Lehrerfortbildung; Training; Effektivität; Unterricht; Schüler; Förderung; Fragebogenerhebung; Datenanalyse; Chi-Quadrat Test; Regressionsanalyse; Faktorenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
Teachers play a major role in the effectiveness of student learning. Teacher's competence contributes to their classroom practice. We applied a generic model of teacher competence to the specific context of teachers' promotion of self-regulated learning (SRL) in the classroom, and investigated teachers' competence profiles regarding SRL (study 1) and how teachers' competence can moderate the effectiveness of teacher training (study 2). In the first step, in study 1 191 teachers were assessed according to different characteristics that have been found to be important aspects of teacher competence (knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy). To investigate how these characteristics co-occur in teachers we determined latent profiles of teacher competence regarding SRL. To this end, and the data were subjected to a latent profile analysis that yielded two levels of competence profile: low and high competence to promote SRL. These competence profiles were positively associated with teachers' self-reported SRL practice in the classroom. Next, to test whether these competence profiles affect teachers' competence development, we conducted a training study. In this study 2, we examined the effects of an 8-h long teacher training about SRL on the development of teachers' competence (knowledge, beliefs, self-efficacy) and on their SRL practice in the classroom with a repeated measures control group design. Forty-five teachers participated in the training, and these teachers and their 543 students evaluated the effectiveness of the training. Training effects were found on the teacher level, but not on the student level. Teachers who participated in the training outperformed the control teachers in their development of self-efficacy to foster SRL, and their perceived SRL practice. Moreover, teachers' competence profiles moderated the training effect, showing that teachers with an initially high competence benefitted more from the training. Applying a generic model of teacher competence to the context of promoting SRL seems beneficial to inspire future research on indicators of teachers' SRL practice. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Controlling speed in component skills of reading improves the explanation of reading comprehension
Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Hahnel, Carolin; De Boeck, Paul
Journal Article
| In: Journal of Educational Psychology | 2021
41462 Endnote
Author(s):
Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Hahnel, Carolin; De Boeck, Paul
Title:
Controlling speed in component skills of reading improves the explanation of reading comprehension
In:
Journal of Educational Psychology, 113 (2021) 5, S. 861-878
DOI:
10.1037/edu0000655
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237977
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237977
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Lesekompetenz; Fertigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistung; Antwort; Zeit; Wort; Semantik; Text; Leseverstehen; PISA <Programme for International Student Assessment>; Schüler; Messverfahren; Test; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
Efficiency in reading component skills is crucial for reading comprehension, as efficient subprocesses do not extensively consume limited cognitive resources, making them available for comprehension processes. Cognitive efficiency is typically measured with speeded tests of relatively easy items. Observed responses and response times indicate the latent variables of ability and speed. Interpreting only ability or speed as efficiency may be misleading because there is a within-person dependency between both variables (speed-ability tradeoff [SAT]). Therefore, the present study measures efficiency as ability conditional on speed by controlling speed experimentally with item-level time limits. The proposed timed ability measures of reading component skills are expected to have a clearer interpretation in terms of efficiency and to be better predictors for reading comprehension. To support this claim, this study investigates two component skills, visual word recognition and sentence-level semantic integration (sentence reading), to understand how differences in ability in a timed condition are related to differences in ability and speed in a traditional untimed condition. Moreover, untimed and timed reading component skill measures were used to explain reading comprehension. A German subsample from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 completed the reading component skills tasks with and without item-level time limits and PISA reading tasks. The results showed that timed ability is only moderately related to untimed ability. Furthermore, timed ability measures proved to be stronger predictors of sentence-level and text-level reading comprehension than the corresponding untimed ability and speed measures, although using untimed ability and speed jointly as predictors increased the amount of explained variance.
Abstract (english):
Efficiency in reading component skills is crucial for reading comprehension, as efficient subprocesses do not extensively consume limited cognitive resources, making them available for comprehension processes. Cognitive efficiency is typically measured with speeded tests of relatively easy items. Observed responses and response times indicate the latent variables of ability and speed. Interpreting only ability or speed as efficiency may be misleading because there is a within-person dependency between both variables (speed-ability tradeoff [SAT]). Therefore, the present study measures efficiency as ability conditional on speed by controlling speed experimentally with item-level time limits. The proposed timed ability measures of reading component skills are expected to have a clearer interpretation in terms of efficiency and to be better predictors for reading comprehension. To support this claim, this study investigates two component skills, visual word recognition and sentence-level semantic integration (sentence reading), to understand how differences in ability in a timed condition are related to differences in ability and speed in a traditional untimed condition. Moreover, untimed and timed reading component skill measures were used to explain reading comprehension. A German subsample from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 completed the reading component skills tasks with and without item-level time limits and PISA reading tasks. The results showed that timed ability is only moderately related to untimed ability. Furthermore, timed ability measures proved to be stronger predictors of sentence-level and text-level reading comprehension than the corresponding untimed ability and speed measures, although using untimed ability and speed jointly as predictors increased the amount of explained variance.
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Automated and controlled processes in comprehending multiple documents
Hahnel, Carolin; Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula; Schoor, Cornelia
Journal Article
| In: Studies in Higher Education | 2021
41420 Endnote
Author(s):
Hahnel, Carolin; Goldhammer, Frank; Kroehne, Ulf; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula; Schoor, Cornelia
Title:
Automated and controlled processes in comprehending multiple documents
In:
Studies in Higher Education, 46 (2021) 10, S. 2074-2086
DOI:
10.1080/03075079.2021.1953333
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243880
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-243880
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Student; Lesen; Dokument; Vielfalt; Informationsverarbeitung; Verhalten; Lesegeschwindigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leseverstehen; Kognitive Kompetenz; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
The study investigates automated and controlled cognitive processes that occur when university students read multiple documents (MDs). We examined data of 401 students dealing with two MD sets in a digital environment. Performance was assessed through several comprehension questions. Recorded log data gave indications about students' time allocation, corroboration, and sourcing. Independent measures were used for reading speed to tap the effects of automatic processing and for working memory and single-text reading comprehension to tap effects of controlled processing, with working memory considered the mental capacity for performing controlled processing. We found that faster readers completed the MD tasks faster and showed more corroboration behavior. At the same time, students skilled in comprehension allocated more time to processing MD tasks and were more likely to show MD-specific behaviors of corroboration and sourcing. Students' success in MD tasks was predicted by reading speed and working memory, with the effect of working memory being mediated by single-text comprehension. Behavioral indicators contributed independently in predicting students' MD comprehension. Results suggest that reading MDs resembles a problem-solving situation where students need to engage in controlled, non-routine processing to build up a comprehensive representation of MDs and benefit from highly automated, lower-level reading processes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
A short history, emerging challenges and co-operation structures for Artificial Intelligence in […]
Mavrikis, Manolis; Cukurova, Mutlu; Di Mitri, Daniele; Schneider, Jan; Drachsler, Hendrik
Journal Article
| In: Bildung und Erziehung | 2021
41559 Endnote
Author(s):
Mavrikis, Manolis; Cukurova, Mutlu; Di Mitri, Daniele; Schneider, Jan; Drachsler, Hendrik
Title:
A short history, emerging challenges and co-operation structures for Artificial Intelligence in education
In:
Bildung und Erziehung, (2021) 74:3, S. 249-263
DOI:
10.13109/buer.2021.74.3.249
URL:
https://doi.org/10.13109/buer.2021.74.3.249
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Bibliografien/Rezensionen u.ä. (z.B. Linktipps)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Künstliche Intelligenz; Digitalisierung; Bildung; Ethik; Geschichte <Histor>; Kooperation; Lernprozess; Datenanalyse; Feedback; Automatisierung; Digitale Medien; Medieneinsatz; Data Mining; Lernforschung; Lehrer; Roboter; Implementierung; Vertrauen; Akzeptanz
Abstract:
Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert für das Themenheft über Künstliche Intelligenz und Pädagogik eine kurze Geschichte der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet und fasst aktuelle Herausforderungen zusammen. Der Artikel fokussiert auf mögliche Paradigmenwechsel auf dem Forschungsgebiet und betont die Notwendigkeit der Betrachtung von Theorie und Praxis unter Beachtung ethischer Grundsätze. Abschließend wird auf internationale Kooperationsstrukturen in diesem Bereich hingewiesen, welche interdisziplinäre Perspektiven und methodische Vorgehen unterstützen können, die für die Forschung in diesem Bereich erforderlich sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
To accompany the special issue in Artificial Intelligence and Education, this article presents a short history of research in the field and summarises emerging challenges. We highlight key paradigm shifts that are becoming possible but also the need to pay attention to theory, implementation and pedagogy while adhering to ethical principles. We conclude by drawing attention to international co-operation structures in the field that can support the interdiscipniary perspectives and methods required to undertake research in the area. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Informationszentrum Bildung
Reading-impaired children improve through text-fading training. Analyses of comprehension, […]
Nagler, Telse; Zarić, Jelena; Kachisi, Fenke; Lindberg, Sven; Ehm, Jan-Henning
Journal Article
| In: Annals of Dyslexia | 2021
41227 Endnote
Author(s):
Nagler, Telse; Zarić, Jelena; Kachisi, Fenke; Lindberg, Sven; Ehm, Jan-Henning
Title:
Reading-impaired children improve through text-fading training. Analyses of comprehension, orthographic knowledge, and RAN
In:
Annals of Dyslexia, 71 (2021) 3, S. 458-482
DOI:
10.1007/s11881-021-00229-x
URL:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11881-021-00229-x
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Leseschwäche; Leseschwaches Kind; Leseprozess; Intervention; Text; Manipulation; Leseverstehen; Rechtschreibung; Wissen; Prädiktor; Grundschüler; Schuljahr 03; Leseübung; Training; Test; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
Early intervention for children with reading impairments is crucial in order to achieve reading improvements and avoid school failure. One line of reading intervention research focuses on the experimental manipulation of reading rate through a text-fading training approach. Considering relevant reading-related predictors (i.e., orthographic knowledge and rapid automatized naming; RAN), we aim at evaluating the text-fading training's efficiency for a sample of German reading-impaired third graders (n = 120). The purpose of the present study was to examine (1) the predictive value of orthographic knowledge and RAN and their contribution of explained variance in comprehension performance during training, (2) text-fading training effects on reading rate and comprehension in a pre-post comparison, and (3) (lasting) text-fading training effects at word and sentence level in a pre-post-follow-up design. Results of structural models indicated RAN to be significantly related to comprehension performance for the experimental group, whereas no sufficient regression weight was found for orthographic knowledge. A reverse pattern was found for the self-paced group. No significant improvements regarding reading rate and comprehension were revealed for the experimental group after training. However, significant positive effects on word and sentence level at post-test time point indicate stronger reading improvements for the experimental compared to the control group. The retention of training gains was indicated at sentence-level reading 6 months after the training. Possible explanations for the presented positive training effects as well as the mixed results for reading rate, comprehension, and follow-up preservation are discussed.
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Neural correlates of successful memory encoding in kindergarten and early elementary school […]
Nolden, Sophie; Brod, Garvin; Meyer, Ann-Kristin; Fandakova, Yana; Shing, Yee Lee
Journal Article
| In: Cerebral Cortex | 2021
42309 Endnote
Author(s):
Nolden, Sophie; Brod, Garvin; Meyer, Ann-Kristin; Fandakova, Yana; Shing, Yee Lee
Title:
Neural correlates of successful memory encoding in kindergarten and early elementary school children. Longitudinal trends and effects of schooling
In:
Cerebral Cortex, 31 (2021) 8, S. 3764-3779
DOI:
10.1093/cercor/bhab046
URL:
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/31/8/3764/6248485
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Kind; Gedächtnis; Kognitive Prozesse; Entwicklung; Leistung; Kindergarten; Schulanfang; Wirkung; Gehirn; Neurowissenschaften; Test; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Berlin; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
From age 5 to 7, there are remarkable improvements in children's cognitive abilities ("5-7 shift"). In many countries, including Germany, formal schooling begins in this age range. It is, thus, unclear to what extent exposure to formal schooling contributes to the "5-7 shift." In this longitudinal study, we investigated if schooling acts as a catalyst of maturation. We tested 5-year-old children who were born close to the official cutoff date for school entry and who were still attending a play-oriented kindergarten. One year later, the children were tested again. Some of the children had experienced their first year of schooling whereas the others had remained in kindergarten. Using 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that assessed episodic memory formation (i.e., subsequent memory effect), we found that children relied strongly on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) at both time points but not on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In contrast, older children and adults typically show subsequent memory effects in both MTL and PFC. Both children groups improved in their memory performance, but there were no longitudinal changes nor group differences in neural activation. We conclude that successful memory formation in this age group relies more heavily on the MTL than in older age groups. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Der Capability Approach als theoretisch-normative Grundlage für das Monitoring von […]
Sauerwein, Markus; Vieluf, Svenja
Journal Article
| In: Die Deutsche Schule | 2021
41139 Endnote
Author(s):
Sauerwein, Markus; Vieluf, Svenja
Title:
Der Capability Approach als theoretisch-normative Grundlage für das Monitoring von Bildungsgerechtigkeit
In:
Die Deutsche Schule, 113 (2021) 1, S. 101-117
DOI:
10.31244/dds.2021.01.09
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-220780
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-220780
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Deutsch
Keywords:
Bildungschance; Bildungsmonitoring; Bildungsprozess; Capability Approach; Chancengleichheit; Entscheidungsfreiheit; Formale Bildung; Handlungsfähigkeit; Informelle Bildung; Partizipation; Respekt; Selbstverwirklichung; Theorie; Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung
Abstract:
Es herrscht weitgehend Konsens, dass Bildungsmonitorings normative Setzungen enthalten, die bislang jedoch theoretisch kaum begründet werden. In diesem Beitrag wird der Capability Approach als theoretische Begründung vorgeschlagen. Bildungssysteme würden dann daran gemessen, ob sie allen Schüler*innen ein Mindestmaß an Möglichkeiten für das Erreichen von Capabilities bieten und Freiheiten, diese Chancen zu nutzen, und ob sie ermöglichen, die dafür notwendigen Grundbefähigungen zu erwerben. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
There is a broad consensus that educational monitoring contains normative stipulations. However, as yet these lack theoretical substantiation. This article proposes the Capability Approach as a theoretical foundation. Educational systems would then be assessed on the basis of information about opportunities and freedoms to achieve capabilities they are offering to students and on the basis of their success in fostering the basic abilities necessary for realizing the capabilities. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Lehr und Lernqualität in Bildungseinrichtungen
Developmental trajectories of phonological information processing in upper elementary students with […]
Schmidt, Claudia; Brandenburg, Janin; Busch, Jenny; Büttner, Gerhard; Grube, Dietmar; […]
Journal Article
| In: Reading Research Quarterly | 2021
40003 Endnote
Author(s):
Schmidt, Claudia; Brandenburg, Janin; Busch, Jenny; Büttner, Gerhard; Grube, Dietmar; Mähler, Claudia; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Title:
Developmental trajectories of phonological information processing in upper elementary students with reading or spelling disabilities
In:
Reading Research Quarterly, 56 (2021) 1, S. 143-171
DOI:
10.1002/rrq.299
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-227500
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-227500
Publication Type:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Language:
Englisch
Keywords:
Grundschüler; Schüler; Phonologie; Informationsverarbeitung; Lernschwierigkeit; Lesefertigkeit; Rechtschreibung; Entwicklung; Gedächtnis; Kognitive Prozesse; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Schuljahr 05; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract:
Deficits in phonological information processing in upper elementary students with specific learning disabilities in reading or spelling may increase, decrease, or remain stable over time. The authors examined the development of phonological processing longitudinally in 209 students (109 with learning disabilities and 100 typically achieving; n = 127 boys) in Germany, from grade 3 to grade 5 (ages 8-11; mean age at recruitment = 8 years 6.78 months, SD = 5.39 months). Latent change score models revealed that the development of rapid automatized naming was best described as a decreasing deficit, whereas a persistent deficit in phonological awareness was observed. Differences between students with and without learning disabilities regarding the phonological loop increased over time. Further, there were no developmental differences as a function of reading versus spelling deficits. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Departments:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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