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Why do my thoughts feel so bad? Getting at the reciprocal effects of rumination and negative affect […] Blanke, Elisabeth S.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Houben, Marlies; Erbas, Yasemine; Brose, Annette Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Emotion | 2022 40873 Endnote: Autor*innen: Blanke, Elisabeth S.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Houben, Marlies; Erbas, Yasemine; Brose, Annette
Titel: Why do my thoughts feel so bad? Getting at the reciprocal effects of rumination and negative affect using dynamic structural equation modeling
In: Emotion, 22 (2022) 8, S. 1773-1786
DOI: 10.1037/emo0000946
URL: https://doi.apa.org/record/2021-21139-001
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Belgien; Datenanalyse; Datenerfassung; Dauer; Denken; Depression; Deutschland; Einstellung <Psy>; Emotion; Emotionaler Zustand; Fragebogenerhebung; Kognitive Prozesse; Messung; Messverfahren; Psychische Vorgänge; Stimmung; Stress; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Student; Tagesablauf; Wirkung
Abstract: Rumination means to perseveratively think about one's negative feelings and problems. It is a response to affective distress that is often referred to as maladaptive emotion regulation. According to the response styles theory and control theory, rumination may further prolong and exacerbate affective distress. This means that rumination can be viewed as both an antecedent and an outcome of negative affect (NA), and vice versa. However, at the level of short-term dynamics, state rumination and NA have previously mainly been examined as two separate outcomes. To model the reciprocal within-person effects and hence, to match theoretical assumptions, we combined the two interrelated time series in one model using dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). Both effects (NA on subsequent rumination and rumination on subsequent NA) were modeled simultaneously while acknowledging the autoregressive nature of both states (inert properties). We used data from two experience sampling studies (NStudy 1 = 200 Belgian university students; NStudy 2 = 70 German university students). Participants were paged on smartphones several times a day (Study 1: 10; Study 2: 6) for several days (Study 1: 7; Study 2: 9-12). In both studies, we found evidence for reciprocal effects of NA and rumination, and both processes showed autoregressive relationships. Aside from central findings, higher levels of rumination were also associated with higher rumination inertia, pointing toward more habitual rumination also being associated with prolonged rumination. Together, using DSEM, we found reciprocal associations between rumination and NA, while providing new insights into the dynamics between the two processes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Do higher educated people feel better in everyday life? Insights from a day reconstruction method […] Möwisch, Dave; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Social Indicators Research | 2021 41210 Endnote: Autor*innen: Möwisch, Dave; Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: Do higher educated people feel better in everyday life? Insights from a day reconstruction method study
In: Social Indicators Research, 153 (2021) , S. 227-250
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-020-02472-y
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11205-020-02472-y
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Bildungsniveau; Wohlbefinden; Affektives Merkmal; Alltagserfahrung; Tagesablauf; Rekonstruktion; Datenanalyse; Sekundäranalyse; Sozioökonomisches Panel; Mehrebenenanalyse; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Deutschland
Abstract: Past research has shown a positive association between education and well-being. Much of this research has focused on the cognitive component of well-being (i.e., life satisfaction) as outcome. On the other hand, the affective component, that is, how often and intensively people experience positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) in their everyday lives, has received far less attention. Therefore, we examined the association between education and PA and NA in everyday life, with a particular focus on affective experiences at the sub-facet level (based on a structure of NA with multiple factors). We used data from a nationally representative sample (N = 1647) of the German Socioeconomic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS), employing the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) to capture affective experiences of everyday activities. Multilevel structural equation models revealed that (1) education was not related to PA, but (2) was positively associated with two sub-facets of NA (mourning/worries and loneliness/boredom); (3) income might in part explain the association between education and NA; (4) education does not particularly seem to serve as a resource in times of unemployment or retirement (i.e., there were no interactions between education and unemployment/retirement regarding well-being) In essence, higher educated people reported fewer negative emotions in everyday life than their lower educated counterparts, but not more positive emotions. The findings underline that different facets of NA, in addition to life satisfaction, are relevant variables related to education and should receive more attention in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of non-monetary correlates of education. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Reciprocal relations of subjective sleep quality and affective well-being in late childhood Neubauer, Andreas B.; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmidt, Andrea; Könen, Tanja; Dirk, Judith; […] Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Developmental Psychology | 2021 41323 Endnote: Autor*innen: Neubauer, Andreas B.; Kramer, Andrea C.; Schmidt, Andrea; Könen, Tanja; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: Reciprocal relations of subjective sleep quality and affective well-being in late childhood
In: Developmental Psychology, 57 (2021) 8, S. 1372-1386
DOI: 10.1037/dev0001209
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-252136
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-252136
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Deutschland; Kind; Grundschulalter; Schlaf; Qualität; Wirkung; Wohlbefinden; Negativität; Subjektivität; Affekt; Tagesablauf; Emotionaler Zustand; Messverfahren; Test; Mehrebenenanalyse; Strukturgleichungsmodell
Abstract: High sleep quality has been associated with beneficial outcomes across the life span. Intensive longitudinal studies suggest that these beneficial effects can also be observed on a day-to-day level. However, the dynamic interplay between subjective sleep quality and affective well-being in children's daily life has only rarely been investigated. The aims of the present work were (a) to replicate findings from a prior ambulatory assessment study in this area (Könen et al., 2016), (b) to explore the effect of subjective sleep quality on well-being throughout the day, and (c) to examine the reciprocal relation between subjective sleep quality and well-being in more detail. Data from two ambulatory assessment studies with children between 8 and 11 years (N = 108/84, with assessments over 28/21 consecutive days) consistently showed that positive affect was higher and negative affect was lower after nights with better sleep quality, and that the effects of subjective sleep quality were stronger on well-being assessed in the morning compared with later in the day. Results from dynamic structural equation models revealed reciprocal effects of subjective sleep quality and positive affect. Negative affect was not consistently related to worse subsequent sleep quality after controlling for positive affect and prior night's sleep quality. Results suggest a close relation of sleep quality and positive affect, which strengthens the idea behind interventions targeting both, children's sleep and well-being. Differences between children in the dynamic interplay between sleep and affect may be important predictors of long-term outcomes. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

From music making to affective well-being in everyday life. The mediating role of need satisfaction Koehler, Friederike; Neubauer, Andreas B. Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts | 2020 39212 Endnote: Autor*innen: Koehler, Friederike; Neubauer, Andreas B.
Titel: From music making to affective well-being in everyday life. The mediating role of need satisfaction
In: Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 14 (2020) 4, S. 493-505
DOI: 10.1037/aca0000261
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-230916
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-230916
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Musik; Wirkung; Gesundheit; Wohlbefinden; Singen; Musikinstrument; Zufriedenheit; Emotionaler Zustand; Selbstkompetenz; Musiktherapie; Tagesablauf; Tagebuch; Selbstbestimmung; Messverfahren; Befragung; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Deutschland
Abstract (english): How music can provide a pathway to affective well-being has mostly been investigated with regard to listening to music or music therapy. Comparatively, less is known about the effects of active music making on well-being in everyday life or its underlying mechanisms. Self-Determination Theory emphasizes the importance of fulfillment of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness for well-being and offers a valuable framework for explaining the postulated link between music making and well-being. In the present daily diary study, 1,042 hobby musicians (age range 13 to 82 years; 65.3% female) completed online assessments of their music making, need fulfillment, and positive and negative affect each day for 10 consecutive days. Results showed that need satisfaction and positive affect were higher, while need dissatisfaction and negative affect were lower on days when participants reported music making. Multilevel structural equation models indicated that the effect of music making on positive affect was mediated by satisfaction of all three needs, with statistically significant indirect effects via autonomy and competence at both the within- and between person level, and relatedness only at the between-person level. There were no statistically significant mediation effects for negative affect. This study is the first to provide evidence for higher affective well-being of hobby musicians on days of music making. Results further suggest satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediating mechanism and emphasize the importance to distinguish between indicators of positive functioning (positive affect, need satisfaction) and negative functioning (negative affect, need dissatisfaction). (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

How was your day? Convergence of aggregated momentary and retrospective end-of-day affect ratings […] Neubauer, Andreas B.; Scott, Stacey B.; Sliwinski, Martin J.; Smyth, Joshua M. Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 2020 39211 Endnote: Autor*innen: Neubauer, Andreas B.; Scott, Stacey B.; Sliwinski, Martin J.; Smyth, Joshua M.
Titel: How was your day? Convergence of aggregated momentary and retrospective end-of-day affect ratings across the adult life span
In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119 (2020) 1, S. 185-203
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000248
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-228882
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2021/22888/pdf/JPSP_2020_1_Neubauer_et_al_How_was_your_day_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Wohlbefinden; Stress; Emotionaler Zustand; Altersgruppe; Erwachsener; Unterschied; Erinnerung; Gedächtnis; Tagesablauf; Tagebuch; Indikator; Gegenwart; Vergangenheit; Messverfahren; Befragung; Vergleich; USA
Abstract (english): Daily diary studies and experience sampling studies examine day-to-day variations in affect using different rating types: The former typically collect retrospective affect reports at the end of the day, whereas the latter collects multiple momentary assessments across the day. The present study examined the convergence of (aggregated) momentary assessments collected repeatedly within a day and retrospective assessments collected at the end of the day. Building on prior research on the memory-experience gap and the peak-and-end rule we predicted that participants would report more intense retrospective affect than aggregated momentary affect, and that retrospective affect would be biased toward the peak and the most recent affect of the day. Based on socioemotional selectivity theory and the strength and vulnerability integration model, age differences in these convergence indicators were expected. Findings from 2 age-heterogeneous ecological momentary assessment/daily diary hybrid studies (N = 242, 25-65 years; and N = 175, 20-79 years) revealed (a) a memory-experience gap for negative affect (more intense retrospective ratings than aggregated momentary ratings) that is attenuated with advancing age; (b) only a small memory-experience gap for positive affect for very old adults (66-79 years), but not younger adults; (c) relatively high convergence of aggregated momentary ratings and retrospective ratings despite (d) small biases of retrospective negative affect ratings toward peak and most recent negative affect. Findings suggest that both rating types can discriminate "good days" from "bad days" and provide overlapping but not necessarily exchangeable information. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Tomorrow's gonna suck. Today's stress anticipation predicts tomorrow's post-awakening cortisol […] Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Voss, Andreas; Ditzen, Beate Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Psychoneuroendocrinology | 2019 39079 Endnote: Autor*innen: Kramer, Andrea C.; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Stoffel, Martin; Voss, Andreas; Ditzen, Beate
Titel: Tomorrow's gonna suck. Today's stress anticipation predicts tomorrow's post-awakening cortisol increase
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, 106 (2019) , S. 38-46
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.024
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-174748
URL: http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/17474/pdf/Kramer_2019_tomorrows_gonna_suck_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Stress; Psychophysiologie; Prognose; Wirkung; Tagesablauf; Bewältigung; Psychische Vorgänge; Junger Erwachsener; Messung; Schlaf; Dauer; Neuropsychologie
Abstract (english): The cortisol awakening response (a rapid rise in cortisol concentration shortly after awakening) is hypothesized to prepare the organism to cope with upcoming demands, suggesting a key role for anticipatory stress in its regulation. Yet, no thorough test of this hypothesis incorporating temporal dynamics of the underlying processes has been conducted so far. To address this gap in the literature, the present study investigated the effects of anticipated stress for the next day (assessed in the evening) on an estimate of the cortisol awakening response (assessed in the following morning). In an ambulatory assessment paradigm, 42 participants (69% female; mean age = 22.8, range = 18-30 years) completed 5 consecutive days of assessments in their daily lives, collecting saliva samples at awakening and 30 minutes later. Using hierarchical linear modeling, associations with anticipatory stress were examined separately on the within- and between-person level. In line with our expectations, anticipatory stress predicted the post-awakening cortisol increase on the within-person level, implying an elevated cortisol rise on days for which more stress than usual had been anticipated. In contrast, on the between-person level higher average anticipatory stress did not predict an increased cortisol rise. Taken together, the findings confirm a key role of anticipatory stress in the regulation of the cortisol awakening response on the within-person level. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Capturing affective well‑being in daily life with the day reconstruction method. A refined view on […] Möwisch, Dave; Schmiedek, Florian; Richter, David; Brose, Annette Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Journal of Happiness Studies | 2019 39084 Endnote: Autor*innen: Möwisch, Dave; Schmiedek, Florian; Richter, David; Brose, Annette
Titel: Capturing affective well‑being in daily life with the day reconstruction method. A refined view on positive and negative affect
In: Journal of Happiness Studies, 20 (2019) 2, S. 641-663
DOI: 10.1007/s10902-018-9965-3
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10902-018-9965-3
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Alltag; Wohlbefinden; Zufriedenheit; Emotionaler Zustand; Freude; Messung; Messverfahren; Stress; Angst; Tagesablauf; Veränderung; Unterschied; Indikator; Modell; Panel; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Deutschland
Abstract: In the last years, there has been a shift from traditional measurements of affective well-being to approaches such as the day reconstruction method (DRM). While the traditional approaches often assess trait level differences in well-being, the DRM allows examining affective dynamics in everyday contexts. The latter may ultimately explain why some people feel more happy than others (e.g., because they experience more gratification during everyday experiences). Even though DRM research has increased in the last years, little is known about the structure of affective well-being in everyday life, and potential structural differences of affect at the within- and between-person level have rarely been considered. We thus thoroughly examined the structure of affective well-being in daily life, using data from a nationally representative sample (N = 2401) of the German Socioeconomic Panel Innovation Sample that were obtained with the DRM. Multilevel structural equation models revealed that (1) affective well-being in daily life cannot be reduced to the two global dimensions positive and negative affect (PA and NA) but that the structure of NA is more nuanced; (2) the emerging subfacets of NA have distinct associations with global indicators of well-being (e.g., life satisfaction); (3) there are structural differences of affective well-being at the within- and between-person level, and (4) the relationships between affect subfacets and activities such as "work" can be opposed at the within- and between-person level. These results show that a more differentiated view on the structure of affect contributes to a better understanding of affective well-being in everyday life. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different […] Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Developmental Psychology | 2019 38831 Endnote: Autor*innen: Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different children: A mixture model analysis of ambulatory assessment data.
In: Developmental Psychology, 55 (2019) 4, S. 754-766
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000668
URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
URL: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Grundschüler; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Leistungsfähigkeit; Tagesablauf; Unterschied; Messung; Wohlbefinden; Affekt; Emotionaler Zustand; Wirkung; Kognitive Prozesse; Umwelteinfluss; Einflussfaktor; Faktorenanalyse
Abstract (english): Elementary schoolchildren's working memory performance (WMP) fluctuates from moment to moment and day to day, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, affective states were investigated as predictors of these fluctuations. Interindividual differences in the intraindividual affect-WMP associations were expected, and their structure was explored. One hundred nine children (8-11 years) were investigated in an ambulatory assessment. Affective states (positive affect [PA], negative affect [NA], activation, deactivation) and WMP were assessed 3 times daily for up to 31 consecutive days. In the whole sample, WMP was lower at occasions with higher NA or deactivation, while there was no overall effect of PA or activation. Results of a mixture model analysis revealed meaningful heterogeneity in these effects: Approximately half of the children showed comparably weaker effects of affect on WMP, while the other three groups showed (1) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation; (2) a comparably stronger positive effect of activation; or (3) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation and stronger positive effects of PA and activation. Findings emphasize the importance of explicitly considering interindividual differences in intraindividual associations. They are discussed in the context of current frameworks of interindividual differences in environmental sensitivity. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

The importance of peer relatedness at school for affective well‐being in children. Between‐ and […] Schmidt, Andrea; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Social Development | 2019 39187 Endnote: Autor*innen: Schmidt, Andrea; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel: The importance of peer relatedness at school for affective well‐being in children. Between‐ and within‐person associations
In: Social Development, 28 (2019) 4, S. 873-892
DOI: 10.1111/sode.12379
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sode.12379
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Mehrebenenanalyse; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Deutschland; Schüler; Schüler-Schüler-Beziehung; Einflussfaktor; Wohlbefinden; Zufriedenheit; Grundschule; Gymnasium; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Schuljahr 05; Schuljahr 06; Peergroup; Stimmung; Emotionaler Zustand; Soziale Interaktion; Tagesablauf; Messung; Unterschied; Reliabilität
Abstract (english): Two intensive longitudinal studies examining the association between children's feeling of relatedness to peers at school and their affective well‐being were performed. In Study 1, 110 third and fourth graders reported on their positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) 4 times daily and on their peer relatedness once a day over 4 weeks. Multilevel analyses revealed that children who reported higher peer relatedness on average also reported higher PA and lower NA (between‐person associations). Moreover, on days when children reported higher peer relatedness than usual, they also reported higher PA, but they did not necessarily report lower NA (within‐person associations). In Study 2, 55 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders indicated their PA, NA, and peer relatedness once a day over 2 weeks. We replicated the findings of Study 1 on both levels. The studies showed that feeling related to peers is associated with high PA at school and at home on a daily basis, illustrating the function of peer relatedness in promoting positive well‐being. The findings further demonstrated the necessity of intensive longitudinal studies focusing on within‐person associations and the importance of measuring both PA and NA in order to capture effects on affective well‐being thoroughly. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung

Mind the gap! Unmet time schedules predict university students' negative affect during the […] Theobald, Maria; Bellhäuser, Henrik Zeitschriftenbeitrag | In: Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie | 2019 41289 Endnote: Autor*innen: Theobald, Maria; Bellhäuser, Henrik
Titel: Mind the gap! Unmet time schedules predict university students' negative affect during the examination phase
In: Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 51 (2019) 4, S. 190-203
DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000218
URL: https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1026/0049-8637/a000218
Dokumenttyp: 3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Sprache: Englisch
Schlagwörter: Deutschland; Student; Prüfung; Lernzeit; Planung; Strategie; Einflussfaktor; Affekt; Stress; Wohlbefinden; Selbstregulation; Tagesablauf; Lernverhalten; Feedback; Einstellung <Psy>; Tagebuch; Mehrebenenanalyse
Abstract: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das dynamische Zusammenspiel zwischen Affekt und Zeitinvestment während der Prüfungsphase untersucht. Studierende (N = 56) füllten täglich Lerntagebücher aus und berichteten eine gleichzeitige Zunahme von negativem Affekt, geplantem Zeitinvestment und tatsächlicher Lernzeit über den Erhebungszeitraum (30 Tage). Der Anstieg des negativen Affekts konnte teilweise durch den Anstieg in der Lernzeit zu Semesterende erklärt werden. Bessere Planungsstrategien waren mit geringerem negativem und höherem positivem Affekt assoziiert. Verfehlte Zeitpläne sagten einen höheren negativen und geringeren positiven Affekt voraus. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zudem kompensatorische Feedbackschleifen: Negativer Affekt am Abend sagte ein höheres geplantes Zeitinvestment am nächsten Morgen vorher, jedoch ohne Verbesserungen der Planungsstrategien. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass verfehlte Zeitpläne zum Anstieg des negativen Affekts während der Prüfungsvorbereitung beitragen könnten. Interventionen sollten Planungsstrategien fördern, um Studierende darin zu unterstützen, die Differenz zwischen geplanter und echter Lernzeit zu reduzieren. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english): The goal of this study was to investigate the dynamic interplay of affect and time investment during exam preparation using daily learning diaries. University students (N = 56) reported a simultaneous increase in negative affect as well as intended and actual time investment over the course of the survey period (30 days). Cramming of study time partially accounted for the increase in negative affect. More planning strategies were associated with lower negative and more positive affect. Unmet time schedules predicted higher negative and lower positive affect. Results further revealed compensatory feedback loops: Higher negative affect in the evening predicted higher intended time investment on the next morning, but without improvements in planning strategies. Results suggest that unmet time schedules could contribute to the increase in negative affect during exam preparation. Interventions should promote students' planning to reduce the difference between intended and actual time investment. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung: Bildung und Entwicklung