Menü Überspringen
Kontakt
Presse
Deutsch
English
Not track
Datenverarbeitung
Suche
Anmelden
DIPF aktuell
Forschung
Infrastrukturen
Institut
Zurück
Kontakt
Presse
Deutsch
English
Not track
Datenverarbeitung
Suche
Startseite
>
Forschung
>
Publikationen
>
Publikationendatenbank
Ergebnis der Suche in der DIPF Publikationendatenbank
Ihre Abfrage:
(Schlagwörter: "kognitive Prozesse")
zur erweiterten Suche
Suchbegriff
Nur Open Access
Suchen
Markierungen aufheben
Alle Treffer markieren
Export
139
Inhalte gefunden
Alle Details anzeigen
Lernen
Gold, Andreas; Brod, Garvin
Sammelbandbeitrag
| Aus: Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht | Weinheim: Beltz Juventa | 2021
41385 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Gold, Andreas; Brod, Garvin
Titel:
Lernen
Aus:
Preiser, Siegfried (Hrsg.): Pädagogische Psychologie: Psychologische Grundlagen von Erziehung und Unterricht, Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 2021 , S. 79-101
Dokumenttyp:
4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Deutsch
Schlagwörter:
Lernen; Wissenserwerb; Kognitive Prozesse; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitionspsychologie; Lerntheorie; Konstruktivismus; Kooperatives Lernen; Problemlösen; Transfer; Verhalten; Gewohnheit; Gedächtnis; Konditionierung; Wissen; Selbstgesteuertes Lernen
Abstract:
[...] Zu Beginn des 5. Kapitels wird Lernen als Aufbau von Wissen und Können definiert. Dieser Sichtweise folgend wird die kognitionspsychologische Theorie der Informationsverarbeitung in ihrer "konstruktivistischen" Ausgestaltung ausführlicher vorgestellt (5.1). Eine ganz andere Gruppe von Lerntheorien begreift Lernen als (sichtbare) Veränderung von Verhalten und von Gewohnheiten (5.2). In dieser Tradition stehen insbesondere die Konditionierungstheorien. Mit der Darstellung der sozial-kognitiven Lerntheorie wird abschließend wieder ein Bogen von den verhaltens- zu den kognitionspsychologischen Ansätzen geschlagen. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Entwicklung als Ziel, Voraussetzung und Ergebnis von Bildung. Welchen Nutzen hat die […]
Ehm, Jan-Henning; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Schulmanagement | 2020
40706 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Ehm, Jan-Henning; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel:
Entwicklung als Ziel, Voraussetzung und Ergebnis von Bildung. Welchen Nutzen hat die Berücksichtigung entwicklungs-psychologischer Erkenntnisse für die schulische Praxis?
In:
Schulmanagement, 51 (2020) 1, S. 31-35
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-216014
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-216014
Dokumenttyp:
3b. Beiträge in weiteren Zeitschriften; praxisorientiert
Sprache:
Deutsch
Schlagwörter:
Entwicklung; Kind; Entwicklungspsychologie; Lernvoraussetzungen; Lernprozess; Einflussfaktor; Bildungserfolg; Aktives Lernen; Strategie; Nutzung; Kognitive Prozesse; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leistung; Motivation; Unterrichtsfach; Interesse; Wirkung
Abstract:
Der Erfolg einer Gestaltungsmaßnahme von Lernprozessen ist abhängig vom Entwicklungsstand der unterrichteten Kinder. Die Autoren gehen dieser entwicklungspsychologischen Erkenntnis nach und erörtern deren Bedeutung für das Lernen. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Validating test score interpretations using time information
Engelhardt, Lena; Goldhammer, Frank
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Frontiers in Psychology | 2019
39162 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Engelhardt, Lena; Goldhammer, Frank
Titel:
Validating test score interpretations using time information
In:
Frontiers in Psychology, (2019) , S. 10:1131
DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01131
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-174371
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/17437/pdf/fpsyg-2019_may_Engelhardt_Goldhammer_Validating_test_score_interpretations_using_time_information_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Strukturgleichungsmodell; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland; Test; Validität; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Aufgabe; Antwort; Zeit; Fertigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Kognitive Kompetenz; Lesekompetenz; Denken; Leistungstest; PIAAC <Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies>; Datenanalyse
Abstract (english):
A validity approach is proposed that uses processing times to collect validity evidence for the construct interpretation of test scores. The rationale of the approach is based on current research of processing times and on classical validity approaches, providing validity evidence based on relationships with other variables. Within the new approach, convergent validity evidence is obtained if a component skill, that is expected to underlie the task solution process in the target construct, positively moderates the relationship between effective speed and effective ability in the corresponding target construct. Discriminant validity evidence is provided if a component skill, that is not expected to underlie the task solution process in the target construct, does indeed not moderate the speed-ability relation in this target construct. Using data from a study that follows up the German PIAAC sample, this approach was applied to reading competence, assessed with PIAAC literacy items, and to quantitative reasoning, assessed with Number Series. As expected from theory, the effect of speed on ability in the target construct was only moderated by the respective underlying component skill, that is, word meaning activation skill as an underlying component skill of reading competence, and perceptual speed as an underlying component skill of reasoning. Accordingly, no positive interactions were found for the component skill that should not underlie the task solution process, that is, word meaning activation for reasoning and perceptual speed for reading. Furthermore, the study shows the suitability of the proposed validation approach. The use of time information in association with task results brings construct validation closer to the actual response process than widely used correlations of test scores. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Differences in counting skills between Chinese and German children are accompanied by differences […]
Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Frontiers in Psychology | 2019
38974 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Lonnemann, Jan; Li, Su; Zhao, Pei; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Yan, Song
Titel:
Differences in counting skills between Chinese and German children are accompanied by differences in processing of approximate numerical magnitude information
In:
Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (2019) , S. 2656
DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02656
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02656/full
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Kind; Vorschulalter; Zahlensystem; Fertigkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Denkfähigkeit; Leistung; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Vergleichsuntersuchung; Internationaler Vergleich; Frankfurt a.M.; Deutschland; Beijing; China
Abstract (english):
Human beings are supposed to possess an approximate number system (ANS) dedicated to extracting and representing approximate numerical magnitude information as well as an object tracking system (OTS) for the rapid and accurate enumeration of small sets. It is assumed that the OTS and the ANS independently contribute to the acquisition of more elaborate numerical concepts. Chinese children have been shown to exhibit more elaborate numerical concepts than their non-Chinese peers, but it is still an open question whether similar cross-national differences exist with regard to the underlying systems, namely the ANS and the OTS. In the present study, we investigated this question by comparing Chinese and German preschool children with regard to their performance in a non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task (assessing the ANS) and in an enumeration task (assessing the OTS). In addition, we compared children's counting skills. To ensure that possible between-group differences could not be explained by differences in more general performance factors, we also assessed children's reasoning ability and processing speed. Chinese children showed a better counting performance and a more accurate performance in the non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task. These differences in performance could not be ascribed to differences in reasoning abilities and processing speed. In contrast, Chinese and German children did not differ signi cantly in the enumeration of small sets. The superior counting performance of Chinese children was thus found to be re ected in the ANS but not in the OTS. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different […]
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Developmental Psychology | 2019
38831 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different children: A mixture model analysis of ambulatory assessment data.
In:
Developmental Psychology, 55 (2019) 4, S. 754-766
DOI:
10.1037/dev0000668
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Grundschüler; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Leistungsfähigkeit; Tagesablauf; Unterschied; Messung; Wohlbefinden; Affekt; Emotionaler Zustand; Wirkung; Kognitive Prozesse; Umwelteinfluss; Einflussfaktor; Faktorenanalyse
Abstract (english):
Elementary schoolchildren's working memory performance (WMP) fluctuates from moment to moment and day to day, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, affective states were investigated as predictors of these fluctuations. Interindividual differences in the intraindividual affect-WMP associations were expected, and their structure was explored. One hundred nine children (8-11 years) were investigated in an ambulatory assessment. Affective states (positive affect [PA], negative affect [NA], activation, deactivation) and WMP were assessed 3 times daily for up to 31 consecutive days. In the whole sample, WMP was lower at occasions with higher NA or deactivation, while there was no overall effect of PA or activation. Results of a mixture model analysis revealed meaningful heterogeneity in these effects: Approximately half of the children showed comparably weaker effects of affect on WMP, while the other three groups showed (1) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation; (2) a comparably stronger positive effect of activation; or (3) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation and stronger positive effects of PA and activation. Findings emphasize the importance of explicitly considering interindividual differences in intraindividual associations. They are discussed in the context of current frameworks of interindividual differences in environmental sensitivity. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Learning and Instruction | 2018
38340 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Titel:
When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
In:
Learning and Instruction, 55 (2018) , S. 22-31
DOI:
10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.013
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Wissenserwerb; Gedächtnis; Prognose; Geografie; Fußball; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Erwartung; Feedback; Verhalten; Messverfahren; Wirkung; Lernen
Abstract:
Using both behavioral and eye-tracking methodology, we tested whether and how asking students to generate predictions is an efficient technique to improve learning. In particular, we designed two tasks to test whether the surprise induced by outcomes that violate expectations enhances learning. Data from the first task revealed that asking participants to generate predictions, as compared to making post hoc evaluations, facilitated acquisition of geography knowledge. Pupillometry measurements revealed that expectancy-violating outcomes led to a surprise response only when a prediction was made beforehand, and that the strength of this response was positively related to the amount of learning. Data from the second task demonstrated that making predictions about the outcomes of soccer matches specifically improved memory for expectancy-violating events. These results suggest that a specific benefit of making predictions in learning contexts is that it creates the opportunity for the learner to be surprised. Implications for theory and educational practice are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Neuropsychologia | 2018
38341 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Titel:
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
In:
Neuropsychologia, 111 (2018) , S. 8-15
DOI:
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.005
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-161012
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/16101/pdf/Brod_Specifying_the_role_of_the_ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex_2018_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Gedächtnis; Wissenserwerb; Wissen; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Erinnerung; Test; Verfahren; Neurowissenschaften
Abstract:
Recent neuroimaging research suggests that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an important role for successful memory formation that takes place in the context of activated prior knowledge. These findings led to the notion that the vmPFC integrates new information into existing knowledge structures. However, a considerable number of neuroimaging studies that have investigated memory formation in the context of prior knowledge have not found vmPFC involvement. To resolve this inconsistency, we propose a distinction between knowledge-relevance (the degree to which new information can be linked to prior knowledge) and knowledge-congruency (the perceived match between prior knowledge and the to-be-encoded information). We hypothesized that the vmPFC contributes to successful memory formation only when perceived knowledge-congruency is high, independent of knowledge-relevance. We tested this hypothesis in a design that varied both congruency and relevance during memory encoding, which was performed in the MR scanner. As predicted, the results showed that vmPFC contributions to memory formation vary as a function of knowledge-congruency, but not as a function of knowledge-relevance. Our finding contributes to elucidating the seemingly inconsistent findings in the literature and helps to specify the role of the vmPFC in memory formation. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Effects of implicit fear of failure on cognitive processing. A diffusion model analysis
Lerche, Veronika; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Voss, Andreas
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Motivation and emotion | 2018
38308 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Lerche, Veronika; Neubauer, Andreas B.; Voss, Andreas
Titel:
Effects of implicit fear of failure on cognitive processing. A diffusion model analysis
In:
Motivation and emotion, 42 (2018) 3, S. 396-402
DOI:
10.1007/s11031-018-9691-5
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-160811
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-160811
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Deutschland; Kognitive Prozesse; Angst; Misserfolg; Wirkung; Frustration; Leistung; Motiv <Psy>; Experimentelle Untersuchung; Feedback; Beeinflussung; Modellbildung; Statistische Methode; Analyse; Experimentelle Psychologie
Abstract (english):
Whereas previous studies suggest that individuals with high implicit fear of failure (FF) perform worse on various indicators of general performance, the underlying mechanisms of this effect have not yet been understood. In our experimental study, 280 participants worked on a binary color discrimination task. Half of the participants were frustrated by means of negative performance feedback, while the control group received mainly positive feedback. We employed a diffusion model analysis (Ratcliff in Psychol Rev 85(2):59-108, 1978) to disentangle the different components involved in the execution of the task. Results revealed that participants in the frustration condition adopted more conservative decision settings (threshold separation parameter of the diffusion model). Besides, high implicit FF was related to slow information accumulation (drift), and this relation was stronger in the frustration condition. Participants with higher FF further showed reduced learning rates during the task. Task related intrusive thoughts are discussed as mechanism for reduced performance of high FF individuals. We conclude that diffusion model analyses can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of psychological motives. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Leseentwicklung in der Kindheit. Einflussfaktoren und Fördermöglichkeiten
Nagler, Telse; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Kindheit und Entwicklung | 2018
37997 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Nagler, Telse; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel:
Leseentwicklung in der Kindheit. Einflussfaktoren und Fördermöglichkeiten
In:
Kindheit und Entwicklung, 27 (2018) 1, S. 5-13
DOI:
10.1026/0942-5403/a000240
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-203069
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2020/20306/pdf/KuE_2018_1_Nagler_Lindberg_Hasselhorn_Leseentwicklung_in_der_Kindheit_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Sprache:
Deutsch
Schlagwörter:
Lesenlernen; Lesen; Entwicklung; Kognitive Prozesse; Lesefertigkeit; Einflussfaktor; Familie; Sozioökonomische Lage; Lernumgebung; Unterricht; Qualität; Lehrer; Klassengröße; Stadt; Lärm; Prävention; Intervention; Förderung; Programm; Übersicht; Literaturbericht
Abstract:
Der Leseerwerb ist ein hoch komplexer Prozess, der durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst werden kann. Be- stimmte kognitive (internale) Fertigkeiten und Funktionen konnten bereits als individuelle Voraussetzungen zur effektiven (schrift)sprach- lichen Informationsverarbeitung identifiziert werden. In dieser narrativen Überblicksarbeit wird der Einfluss von weiteren (externalen) Ein- flussfaktoren anhand von Informationen aus Übersichtsarbeiten und Meta-Analysen dargestellt. Dabei werden ausgewählte Faktoren (z. B. sozioökonomischer Status, häusliche Lernumgebung, Schule, urbaner Lärm) hervorgehoben. Weiterhin werden erfolgversprechende Absätze zur Prävention und Intervention skizziert. Es werden Präventionsprogramme beschrieben, die sich auf die individuelle Förderung von train- ierbaren kognitiven Voraussetzungen fokussieren. Ebenfalls werden störungsspezifische und allgemeinwirksame Interventionsprogramme dargestellt, die für eine langfristige Leseförderung eingesetzt werden können. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
The highly complex process of reading relies on a variety of factors that influence reading development. Initially, reading acquisition requires the understanding of the relationship between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes). If grapheme-phoneme correspondences are successfully established, the process of reading can be accelerated and automatized. The manifestation of phonological awareness is thereby considered to be the central cognitive component for successful reading acquisition and the best predictor of later reading performance. Furthermore, other cognitive skills, such as processing speed, phonological working memory, visual and auditory processing, as well as orthographic knowledge are assumed to also substantially affect reading development. Besides these (internal) cognitive preconditions, other (external) factors are additionally influential for the successful - or problematic - acquisition of reading expertise. The goal of this narrative summary is to give an overview of relevant meta-analytic results and insights from recent reviews considering the identification of significant family- and environment-based variables as well as information about effective German prevention and intervention approaches on the individual level. Relating to the influence of family conditions, the socioeconomic status and the home learning environment are outlined to be of specific relevance. More precisely, low socioeconomic status and an uninspiring learning environment have been associated with poor reading achievement. Further influential environment-based factors are related to the school setting and noise exposure. For example, the quality of instruction, the teacher's competency, as well as the pupil-teacher interaction are closely related to learning and reading success. Further, chronic exposure to urban noise reportedly results in lower reading performance for children, as their cognitive skills are generally still in the process of automatization and more prone to disturbances. To prevent school and reading failure, meta-analytic results suggest early fostering of (internal) cognitive skills, especially if the external preconditions are detrimental. A number of prevention programs have therefore focused on improving the central reading-related cognitive components (i. e., phonological awareness). Furthermore, reviews recommend engaging in intervention programs, which focus on symptom- related problems (e. g., reading training at phoneme or syllable level) to reduce any existing reading deficiencies. Fostering general reading competence (e. g., grapheme-phoneme correspondences) is emphasized to support children at risk as well as normal achievers. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?
Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Kirschner, P. A.; Järvelä, S.
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning | 2018
38387 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Pijeira-Díaz, Héctor J.; Drachsler, Hendrik; Kirschner, P. A.; Järvelä, S.
Titel:
Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?
In:
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34 (2018) 4, S. 397-408
DOI:
10.1111/jcal.12271
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-161603
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/16160/pdf/Drachsler_Profiling_sympathetic_arousal_in_the_classroom_2018_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Beitrag in Sonderheft
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Lernprozess; Analyse; Finnland; Physikunterricht; Sekundarstufe II; Schüler; Interesse; Langeweile; Einflussfaktor; Lernerfolg; Messverfahren; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Psychophysiologie; Aktives Lernen; Aufmerksamkeit; Kognitive Prozesse; Emotion; Lernmotivation; Prüfung; Wirkung; Schulnoten
Abstract:
Low arousal states (especially boredom) have been shown to be more deleterious to learning than high arousal states, though the latter have received much more attention (e.g., test anxiety, confusion, and frustration). Aiming at profiling arousal in the classroom (how active students are) and examining how activation levels relate to achievement, we studied sympathetic arousal during two runs of an elective advanced physics course in a real classroom setting, including the course exam. Participants were high school students (N = 24) who were randomly selected from the course population. Arousal was indexed from electrodermal activity, measured unobtrusively via the Empatica E4 wristband. Low arousal was the level with the highest incidence (60% of the lesson on average) and longest persistence, lasting on average three times longer than medium arousal and two times longer than high arousal level occurrences. During the course exam, arousal was positively and highly correlated (r = .66) with achievement as measured by the students' grades. Implications for a need to focus more on addressing low arousal states in learning are discussed, together with potential applications for biofeedback, teacher intervention, and instructional design. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Informationszentrum Bildung
Markierungen aufheben
Alle Treffer markieren
Export
<
1
2
(aktuell)
3
...
14
>
Alle anzeigen
(139)