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Health is health is health? Age differences in intraindividual variability and in within-person […]
Wolff, Julia K.; Brose, Annette; Lövdén, Martin; Tesch-Römer, Clemens; Lindenberger, Ulman; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2012
33308 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Wolff, Julia K.; Brose, Annette; Lövdén, Martin; Tesch-Römer, Clemens; Lindenberger, Ulman; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
Health is health is health? Age differences in intraindividual variability and in within-person versus between-person factor structures of self-reported health complaints
In:
Psychology and Aging, 27 (2012) 4, S. 881-891
DOI:
10.1037/a0029125
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Alter; Altern; Befragung; Faktorenanalyse; Gesundheit; Gesundheitsschaden; Junger Erwachsener; Messung; Psychometrie; Senior; Subjektivität; Vergleich; Wohlbefinden
Abstract:
The variability of health complaints within individuals across time has rarely been studied, and the question whether between- and within-person factor structures of health-related variables are equivalent has not been tested so far. We examined self-reported health complaints in 101 younger (20-31 years) and 103 older adults (65-80 years) over a period of 100 daily assessments. Data were analyzed with confirmatory two-level factor analysis. One-factor structures of health complaints provided an acceptable fit at the between- and average within-person levels in both age groups, supporting the assumption of equivalent average within- and between-person factor structures for health complaints. Age differences in loading patterns indicated that subjective health may be experienced differently by younger and older adults. Small age differences in mean levels of health symptoms were observed. Intraindividual variability in health complaints was reliable. Older adults fluctuated less from day to day than younger adults, presumably reflecting less fluctuation in objective health, differences in response styles, situational influences, or habituation processes. We conclude that future research should consider intraindividual variability as being descriptive of a person's health status, and take possible differences between within- and between-person factor structures of subjective health into account.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Processing speed
Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Sammelbandbeitrag
| Aus: Krauss Whitbourne, Susan; Sliwinski, Martin (Hrsg.): The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of adulthood and aging | Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell | 2012
32556 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
Processing speed
Aus:
Krauss Whitbourne, Susan; Sliwinski, Martin (Hrsg.): The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of adulthood and aging, Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012 , S. 135-153
Dokumenttyp:
4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Sammelband (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Alter; Altern; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Differenzierung; Gedächtnis; Individualität; Kognitive Entwicklung; Kognitive Kompetenz; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Methode; Modell; Psychometrie; Senior
Abstract (english):
The authors present and discuss theoretical approaches that treat cognitive slowing itself as an explanatory construct for age-related declines in other cognitive abilities, like fluid intelligence. These attempts will be criticized for three major reasons: (a) processing speed not being a unitary construct, (b) cognitive slowing not being a homogenous phenomenon, and (c) methodological issues with statistical approaches to establish the causal role of processing speed for the aging of other cognitive abilities. The authors continue by introducing age differences in intraindividual variability in RT's, or more generally shapes of RT distributions, as additional aspects beyond mean RT's to be accounted for by theories of cognitive slowing, and show how an approach based on models from mathematical psychology, the diffusion model […], can be used to express individual and age differences in terms of meaningful processing parameters. The authors close with reviewing theoretical approaches to explain the neurobiological changes underlying cognitive slowing and attempts to improve processing speed with practice and training.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Methodologische Grundlagen
Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Sammelbandbeitrag
| Aus: Schneider, Wolfgang; Lindenberger, Ulman (Hrsg.): Entwicklungspsychologie | Weinheim: BeltzPVU | 2012
32907 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Methodologische Grundlagen
Aus:
Schneider, Wolfgang; Lindenberger, Ulman (Hrsg.): Entwicklungspsychologie, Weinheim: BeltzPVU, 2012 , S. 97-115
Dokumenttyp:
4. Beiträge in Sammelwerken; Lexika/Enzyklopädie o.ä.
Sprache:
Deutsch
Schlagwörter:
Alter; Analyse; Beispiel; Entwicklungspsychologie; Experiment; Individuum; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Methodologie; Psychologische Forschung; Querschnittuntersuchung; Sensumotorik; Simulation; Statistische Methode
Abstract:
In diesem Lehrbuchkapitel werden zunächst die Anforderungen an die Methoden in der Entwicklungspsychologie dargestellt, die mit dem Ziel, individuelle Entwicklungsverläufe zu erforschen, einhergehen. Dabei ist es von Relevanz, interindividuelle Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede in intraindividuellen Veränderungsprozessen beschreiben, erklären und vorhersagen zu können. Außerdem stellt die Untersuchung intraindividueller Veränderungen in verschiedenen Variablen ebenso wie interindividueller Unterschiede in Zusammenhängen intraindividueller Veränderungen einen maßgeblichen Aspekt der Forschung dar. Zur Überprüfung multivariater Veränderungshypothesen werden geeignete statistische Verfahren sowie verschiedene Forschungsdesigns hinsichtlich Möglichkeiten und Limitationen dargestellt. So können mit Hilfe querschnittlicher Studiendesigns innerhalb kurzer Zeiträume Altersunterschiede beliebig großer Altersbereiche erfasst werden, jedoch sind keine Veränderungsmessungen möglich. Längsschnittliche Studiendesigns hingegen können geeignete Möglichkeiten der Veränderungsmessung bieten. Mit so genannten Sequenzdesigns wird darüber hinaus eine Kombination quer- und längsschnittlicher Designs vorgestellt. Moderne Verfahren zur Analyse von Längsschnittdaten, wie Strukturgleichungsmodelle (latente Wachstumsmodelle, latente Differenzwertmodelle) und Mehrebenenmodelle werden dargestellt und verglichen. Des weiteren werden individuenbezogene Ansätze zur Analyse von Veränderungsprozessen, Testing-the-Limits, sowie experimentelle und formale Simulation als Methoden zur Untersuchung von Entwicklungsprozessen eingeführt und anhand von empirischen Beispielen die Vorteile einer Kombination verschiedener Methoden illustriert.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Normal aging dampens the link between intrusive. Thoughts and negative affect in reaction to daily […]
Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2011
31830 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brose, Annette; Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Normal aging dampens the link between intrusive. Thoughts and negative affect in reaction to daily stressors
In:
Psychology and Aging, 26 (2011) 2, S. 488-502
DOI:
10.1037/a0022287
URL:
https://doi.apa.org/record/2011-07463-001
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Affekt; Beeinflussung; Belastung; Datenanalyse; Emotionaler Zustand; Empirische Untersuchung; Erwachsener; Junger Erwachsener; Phänomenologie; Psyche; Testaufgabe; Unterschied; Wirkung; Wohlbefinden
Abstract:
We charted daily variations in intrusive thoughts to gain access to adult age differences in affective reactivity to daily stressors. On 100 days, 101 younger and 103 older adults reported stressors, intrusive thoughts, and negative affect. Although increments in intrusive thoughts were similar in both age groups on days with stressors, older adults negative affect increased less than younger adults on such days. In addition, (a) levels of intrusive thoughts and negative affect across study time were positively associated; (b) days with increased thoughts were days with increased negative affect; and (c) experiencing above-average intrusive thoughts about stressors strengthened affective reactions to stress. Relative to younger adults, all three associations were reduced in older adults. We tentatively conclude that normal aging dampens the stress-induced link between intrusive thoughts and affect. This dampening may contribute to preserved affective well-being and reduced affective reactivity to daily stress in old age.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
On the specificity of face cognition compared with general cognitive functioning across adult age
Hildebrandt, Andrea; Wilhelm, Oliver; Herzmann, Grit; Schmiedek, Florian; Sommer, Werner
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2011
31833 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Hildebrandt, Andrea; Wilhelm, Oliver; Herzmann, Grit; Schmiedek, Florian; Sommer, Werner
Titel:
On the specificity of face cognition compared with general cognitive functioning across adult age
In:
Psychology and Aging, 26 (2011) 3, S. 701-715
DOI:
10.1037/a0023056
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023056
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Altern; Analyse; Gedächtnis; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitionswissenschaft; Kognitive Prozesse; Lebensalter; Leistungsfähigkeit; Messung; Mimik; Modell; Statistik; Test; Unterschied; Visuelle Wahrnehmung
Abstract (english):
Face cognition is considered a specific human ability, clearly differentiable from general cognitive functioning. Its specificity is primarily supported by cognitive-experimental and neuroimaging research, but recently also from an individual differences perspective. However, no comprehensive behavioral data are available, which would allow estimating lifespan changes of the covariance structure of face-cognition abilities and general cognitive functioning as well as age-differences in face cognition after accounting for interindividual variability in general cognition. The present study aimed to fill this gap. In an age-heterogeneous (18 82 years) sample of 448 adults, we found no factorial dedifferentiation between face cognition and general cognition. Age-related differences in face memory were still salient after taking into account changes in general cognitive functioning. Face cognition thus remains a specific human ability compared with general cognition, even until old age. We discuss implications for models of cognitive aging and suggest that it is necessary to include more explicitly special social abilities in those models.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Age differences in processing fluctuations in postural control across trials and across days
Huxhold, Oliver; Li, Schu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Smith, Jacqui; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2011
31975 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Huxhold, Oliver; Li, Schu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Smith, Jacqui; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Age differences in processing fluctuations in postural control across trials and across days
In:
Psychology and Aging, 26 (2011) 3, S. 731-737
DOI:
10.1037/a0024146
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024146
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Deutschland; Empirische Untersuchung; Erwachsener; Kontrolle; Lebensalter; Mehrebenenanalyse; Messung; Motorik; Sensumotorik
Abstract (english):
Postural control performances of 18 younger and 18 older adults were repeatedly measured on 45 weekdays with five trials per day. This design made it possible to dissociate between long-term trends and processing fluctuations in the sensorimotor domain at moment-to-moment, trial-to-trial, and day-today levels. Older adults fluctuated more than younger adults at all timescales. Age differences in trial-to-trial and day-to-day processing fluctuations were reduced but remained statistically significant when controlling for fluctuations on faster timescales. We concluded that age differences in intraindividual fluctuations at the longer timescales are in part related to age differences in low-level system robustness, suggesting a cascade of effects across multiple timescales.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Dyadic drumming across the lifespan reveals a zone of proximal development in children
Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, Anna; Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; von Oertzen, Timo; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Developmental Psychology | 2011
31831 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, Anna; Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; von Oertzen, Timo; Li, Shu-Chen; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Dyadic drumming across the lifespan reveals a zone of proximal development in children
In:
Developmental Psychology, 47 (2011) 3, S. 632-644
DOI:
10.1037/a0021818
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021818
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Deutschland; Empirische Forschung; Entwicklungspsychologie; Erwachsener; Generationenbeziehung; Kind; Lebensalter; Methodologie; Soziale Erfahrung; Soziale Interaktion; Verhalten
Abstract:
Many social interactions require the synchronization - be it automatically or intentionally - of one s own behavior with that of others. Using a dyadic drumming paradigm, the authors delineate lifespan differences in interpersonal action synchronization (IAS). Younger children, older children, younger adults, and older adults in same- and mixed-age dyads were instructed to drum in synchrony with their interaction partner at a constant, self-chosen tempo. Adult-only dyads showed the highest and children only the lowest levels of IAS accuracy. It is important to note that children improved reliably in IAS accuracy when paired with older partners. The observed age-related differences in IAS accuracy remained reliable after statistically controlling for individual differences in the ability to synchronize to a metronome and for between-dyad differences in tempo. The authors conclude that IAS improves from middle childhood to adulthood and that adult interaction partners may facilitate its development.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Brain areas consistently linked to individual differences in perceptual decision-making […]
Kühn, Simone; Schmiedek, Florian; Schott, Björn; Ratcliff, Roger; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | 2011
31834 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Kühn, Simone; Schmiedek, Florian; Schott, Björn; Ratcliff, Roger; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Düzel, Emrah; Lindenberger, Ulman; Lövdén, Martin
Titel:
Brain areas consistently linked to individual differences in perceptual decision-making in younger as well as older adults before and after training
In:
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23 (2011) 9, S. 2147-2158
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Alter; Entscheidung; Erwachsener; Gehirn; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistung; Modell; Neurowissenschaften; Test; Training; Unterschied; Wahrnehmung
Abstract:
Perceptual decision-making performance depends on several cognitive and neural processes. Here, we fit Ratcliff s diffusion model to accuracy data and reaction-time distributions from one numerical and one verbal two-choice perceptual-decision task to deconstruct these performance measures into the rate of evidence accumulation (i.e., drift rate), response criterion setting (i.e., boundary separation), and peripheral aspects of performance (i.e., nondecision time). These theoretical processes are then related to individual differences in brain activation by means of multiple regression. The sample consisted of 24 younger and 15 older adults performing the task in fMRI before and after 100 daily 1-hr behavioral training sessions in a multitude of cognitive tasks. Results showed that individual differences in boundary separation were related to striatal activity, whereas differences in drift rate were related to activity in the inferior parietal lobe. These associations were not significantly modified by adult age or perceptual expertise. We conclude that the striatum is involved in regulating response thresholds, whereas the inferior parietal lobe might represent decision-making evidence related to letters and numbers.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
With a little help from my spouse. Does spousal collaboration compensate for the effects of […]
Rauers, Antje; Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Gerontology | 2011
31581 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Rauers, Antje; Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
With a little help from my spouse. Does spousal collaboration compensate for the effects of cognitive aging?
In:
Gerontology, 57 (2011) 2, S. 161-166
DOI:
10.1159/000317335
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000317335
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Alter Mensch; Empirische Forschung; Familienbeziehungen; Frau; Gedächtnis; Gedächtnishilfe; Kognition; Kognitive Kompetenz; Leistungstest; Mann; Partnerarbeit; Wirkung
Abstract (english):
Background: Collaborating with another person may help people compensate for aging-related losses in memory performance. However, collaborating in itself is effortful and draws upon individual cognitive resources. One factor that can facilitate collaboration, and decrease its resource requirements, is familiarity between interaction partners. Such facilitation should be particularly important when cognitive-mechanic resources are low. Objective: The current study was conducted to empirically test this theoretical notion. We hypothesized that cognitive aging should amplify the advantage of collaborating with a familiar partner over collaborating with an unfamiliar person. Methods: We developed an interpersonal cueing task based on the game Taboo. The task modeled an everyday-life situation in which one person cues another person to retrieve a piece of information from memory. Seventy-six younger adults (20 33 years) and 80 older adults (63 79 years) worked on this task once with their spouse and once with an unfamiliar cross-sex partner from the same age group. Collaborative performance was operationalized as the number of cue words needed until the partner guessed the target, as determined by independent trained coders. Performance in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test was used as an indicator of cognitive aging. Results: Multilevel-modeling analyses revealed that collaborating spouses outperformed collaborators who had not known each other before. This effect was comparable for both age groups but larger in persons with lower Digit Symbol scores. While participants with lower Digit Symbol scores generally performed worse in the collaborative task, they partly made up for this difference when working with the spouse. Conclusion: We conclude that spousal collaboration may offer a compensatory strategy to cope with individual aging-related losses. (DIPF/Autor)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Is seeking bad mood cognitively demanding? Contra-hedonic orientation and working-memory capacity […]
Riediger, Michaela; Wrzus, Cornelia; Schmiedek, Florian; Wagner, Gert G.; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Emotion | 2011
31832 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Riediger, Michaela; Wrzus, Cornelia; Schmiedek, Florian; Wagner, Gert G.; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Is seeking bad mood cognitively demanding? Contra-hedonic orientation and working-memory capacity in everyday life
In:
Emotion, 11 (2011) 3, S. 656-665
DOI:
10.1037/a0022756 656
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022756 656
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Affekt; Alltag; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Deutschland; Emotionaler Zustand; Empirische Forschung; Kognitive Kompetenz; Methodologie; Selbstregulation; Wirkung; Wohlbefinden
Abstract:
Hedonism, or wanting to feel good, is central to human motivation. At times, however, people also seek to maintain or enhance negative affect or to dampen positive affect, and this can be instrumental for the later attainment of their goals. Here, we investigate the assumption that such contra-hedonic orientation is cognitively more demanding than prohedonic orientation, above and beyond the effects of momentary affective experience. We provided 378 participants with mobile phones that they carried with them for 3 weeks while pursuing their daily routines. The phones prompted participants at least 54 times to report their current affect-regulation orientation and to work on two trials of a cognitively demanding working memory task. As expected, contra-hedonic orientation was substantially less prevalent than prohedonic orientation. It was reported in 15% of the measurement occasions. Participants who reported on average more contra-hedonic orientation showed lower average working memory performance throughout the study interval. Further, controlling for the effects of accompanying affective experiences, momentary occurrences of contra-hedonic orientation were associated with temporary declines in working memory performance within individuals, and this could neither be explained by lacking task compliance nor by other characteristics of the individual or the situation. Prohedonic orientation showed a considerably smaller association with working memory performance. These findings are consistent with the view that contra-hedonic orientation is accompanied by momentarily more diminished cognitive resources than is prohedonic orientation.
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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