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Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age. Gauging the generality of cognitive intervention […]
Noack, Hannes; Lövdén, Martin; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience | 2009
42122 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Noack, Hannes; Lövdén, Martin; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age. Gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects
In:
Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27 (2009) 5, S. 435-453
DOI:
10.3233/RNN-2009-0496
URL:
https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn00496
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
Interventions enabling aging individuals to fulfill their plastic potential promise to postpone, attenuate, or even reverse the adverse effects of senescent brain changes on cognitive abilities and everyday competence in old age. Based on an overview of the concept of plasticity in lifespan development, we selectively review evidence from cognitive intervention studies and conclude that most of them have failed to observe generalizable performance improvements, as documented by the small size and scope of positive transfer to untrained tasks. We further note that generally accepted criteria for defining transfer distance are lacking, rendering the relevant evidence difficult to interpret. Hence, we propose a taxonomy of transfer distance based on the structure of human intellectual abilities.
Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in pro- and contra-hedonic motivation from […]
Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; Wagner, Gert G.; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychological Science | 2009
8229 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Riediger, Michaela; Schmiedek, Florian; Wagner, Gert G.; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in pro- and contra-hedonic motivation from adolescence to old age
In:
Psychological Science, 20 (2009) 12, S. 1529-1535
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Jugendlicher; Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Gefühl; Wohlbefinden; Alltag; Befragung; Forschungsprojekt; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland
Abstract (english):
Using a mobile-phone-based experience-sampling technology in a sample of 378 individuals rangingfrom 14 to 86 years of age, we investigated age differences in how people want to influence their feelings in their daily lives. Contra-hedonic motivations of wanting either to maintain or enhance negative affect or to dampen positive affect were most prevalent in adolescence, whereas prohedonicmotivations of wanting either to maintain, but not enhance, positive affect or to dampen negative affect were most prevalent in old age. This pattern was mirrored by an age-related increase in self- reported day-to-day emotional well-being. Analyses of the emotional experiences that accompanied prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivations are consistent with the notions that contra-hedonic motivations are more likely to serve utilitarian than hedonic functions, and that people are more likely to be motivated to maintain negative affect when it is accompanied by positive affect. Implications for understanding affective development are discussed.( DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Complex span versus updating tasks of working memory. The gap is not that deep
Schmiedek, Florian; Hildebrandt, Andrea; Lövdén, Martin; Wilhelm, Oliver; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition | 2009
42121 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Schmiedek, Florian; Hildebrandt, Andrea; Lövdén, Martin; Wilhelm, Oliver; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Complex span versus updating tasks of working memory. The gap is not that deep
In:
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35 (2009) 4, S. 1089-1096
DOI:
10.1037/a0015730
URL:
https://doi.apa.org/record/2009-09620-006
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
How to best measure working memory capacity is an issue of ongoing debate. Besides established complex span tasks, which combine short-term memory demands with generally unrelated secondary tasks, there exists a set of paradigms characterized by continuous and simultaneous updating of several items in working memory, such as the n-back, memory updating, or alpha span tasks. With a latent variable analysis (N = 96) based on content-heterogeneous operationalizations of both task families, the authors found a latent correlation between a complex span factor and an updating factor that was not statistically different from unity (r = .96). Moreover, both factors predicted fluid intelligence (reasoning) equally well. The authors conclude that updating tasks measure working memory equally well as complex span tasks. Processes involved in building, maintaining, and updating arbitrary bindings may constitute the common working memory ability underlying performance on reasoning, complex span, and updating tasks.
Interference and facilitation in spatial working memory. Age-associated differences in lure effects […]
Schmiedek, Florian; Li, Schu-Chen; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2009
42120 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Schmiedek, Florian; Li, Schu-Chen; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Interference and facilitation in spatial working memory. Age-associated differences in lure effects in the n-back paradigm
In:
Psychology and Aging, 24 (2009) 1, S. 203-210
DOI:
10.1037/a0014685
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-03151-013
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
Working memory (WM) declines prominently during normal aging. The mechanisms underlying this decline are not fully understood. The authors analyzed performance on 2 versions of a 2-back spatial WM task to assess younger and older adults' responses to lures (i.e., nontarget items that match an item earlier in the sequence but not at the current target lag). Results demonstrate lure interference effects that are particularly pronounced among older adults. At the same time, however, older adults showed facilitation for targets. Taken together, these findings suggest that the contribution of familiarity signals to WM performance increases during normal aging.
On the relation of mean reaction time and intraindividual reaction time variability
Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2009
8228 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Schmiedek, Florian; Lövdén, Martin; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
On the relation of mean reaction time and intraindividual reaction time variability
In:
Psychology and Aging, 24 (2009) 4, S. 841-857
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Empirische Untersuchung; Kognitive Prozesse; Messung
Abstract (english):
Researchers often statistically control for means when examining individual or age-associated differences in variances, assuming that the relation between the 2 is linear and invariant within and across individuals and age groups. We tested this assumption in the domain of working memory by applying varianceheterogeneity multilevel models to reaction times in the n-back task. Data are from the COGITO study, which comprises 101 younger and 103 older adults assessed in over 100 daily sessions. We found that relations between means and variances vary reliably across age groups and individuals, thereby contradicting the invariant linearity assumption. We argue that statistical control approaches need to be replaced by theoretical models that simultaneously estimate central tendency and dispersion of latencies and accuracies and illustrate this claim by applying the diffusion model to the same data. Finally, we note that differences in reliability between estimates for means and variances need to be considered when comparing their unique contributions to developmental outcomes.(DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Working memory plasticity in old age. Practice gain, transfer, and maintenance
Li, Schu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Huxhold, Oliver; Röcke, Christina; Smith, Jacqui; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Psychology and Aging | 2008
42118 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Li, Schu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Huxhold, Oliver; Röcke, Christina; Smith, Jacqui; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Working memory plasticity in old age. Practice gain, transfer, and maintenance
In:
Psychology and Aging, 23 (2008) 4, S. 731-742
DOI:
10.1037/a0014343
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-19072-006
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
Adult age differences in cognitive plasticity have been studied less often in working memory than in episodic memory. The authors investigated the effects of extensive working memory practice on performance improvement, transfer, and short-term maintenance of practice gains and transfer effects. Adults age 20-30 years and 70-80 years practiced a spatial working memory task with 2 levels of processing demands across 45 days for about 15 min per day. In both age groups and relative to age-matched, no-contact control groups, we found (a) substantial performance gains on the practiced task, (b) near transfer to a more demanding spatial n-back task and to numerical n-back tasks, and (c) 3-month maintenance of practice gains and near transfer effects, with decrements relative to postpractice performance among older but not younger adults. No evidence was found for far transfer to complex span tasks. The authors discuss neuronal mechanisms underlying adult age differences and similarities in patterns of plasticity and conclude that the potential of deliberate working memory practice as a tool for improving cognition in old age merits further exploration.
A diffusion model explanation of the worst performance rule for reaction time and IQ
Ratcliff, Roger; Schmiedek, Florian; McKoon, Gail
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Intelligence | 2008
42117 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Ratcliff, Roger; Schmiedek, Florian; McKoon, Gail
Titel:
A diffusion model explanation of the worst performance rule for reaction time and IQ
In:
Intelligence, 36 (2008) 1, S. 10-17
DOI:
10.1016/j.intell.2006.12.002
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289606001577
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
The worst performance rule for cognitive tasks [Coyle, T.R. (2003). IQ, the worst performance rule, and Spearman's law: A reanalysis and extension. Intelligence, 31, 567-587] in which reaction time is measured is the result that IQ scores correlate better with longer (i.e., 0.7 and 0.9 quantile) reaction times than shorter (i.e., 0.1 and 0.3 quantile) reaction times. We show that this pattern of correlations can be predicted by the diffusion model [Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59-108], in two ways: either assuming that the rate of accumulation of information toward a decision is higher for higher IQ subjects or assuming that the criterial amounts of information they require before a decision are lower. Importantly, the model explains both reaction times and accuracy, so the two possibilities can be distinguished.
The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Overview of […]
Lindenberger, Ulman; Li, Shu-Chen; Lövdén, Martin; Schmiedek, Florian
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: International Journal of Psychology | 2007
42115 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Lindenberger, Ulman; Li, Shu-Chen; Lövdén, Martin; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Overview of conceptual agenda and illustration of research activities
In:
International Journal of Psychology, 42 (2007) 4, S. 229-242
DOI:
10.1080/00207590701396591
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/00207590701396591
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
Founded in 1981 by the late Paul B. Baltes, the Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development has helped to establish lifespan psychology as a distinct conceptual approach within developmental psychology. Recently, the Center has extended its research programme into developmental behavioural neuroscience. Here, we provide an overview of the Center's conceptual agenda, and present two of its seven research projects in greater detail. Work at the Center is guided by three propositions: (1) to study lifespan changes in behaviour as interactions among maturation, learning, and senescence; (2) to develop theories and methods that integrate empirical evidence across domains of functioning, timescales, as well as behavioural and neuronal levels of analysis; (3) to identify mechanisms of development by exploring age-graded differences in plasticity. The Intra-Person Dynamics Project studies the organization of cognitive abilities within individuals of different ages, and investigates lifespan age differences in the plasticity and components of episodic memory performance. The Sensorimotor-Cognitive Couplings Project examines lifespan differences in dynamic dependencies between sensorimotor and cognitive performance. Both projects combine behavioural assessments with methods from developmental neuroscience to delineate age-graded changes in brain-behaviour mappings. Current research in other projects includes: (1) behavioural development in very old age, as assessed in the Berlin Aging Study; (2) the interplay of motivation, affect, and cognition in developmental regulation; (3) behavioural and electrophysiological mechanisms of social interaction from infancy to adulthood; and (4) formal and statistical issues in structural equation modelling, with an emphasis on latent growth curve modelling. Graduate education and research at the Center profit greatly from cooperation with other institutions in Berlin and Potsdam as well as from national and international collaboration.
Individual differences in components of reaction time distributions and their relations to working […]
Schmiedek, Florian; Oberauer, Klaus; Wilhelm, Oliver; Süß, Heinz-Martin; Wittmann, Werner W.
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General | 2007
42116 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Schmiedek, Florian; Oberauer, Klaus; Wilhelm, Oliver; Süß, Heinz-Martin; Wittmann, Werner W.
Titel:
Individual differences in components of reaction time distributions and their relations to working memory and intelligence
In:
Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 136 (2007) 3, S. 414-429
DOI:
10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.414
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-11669-004
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
The authors bring together approaches from cognitive and individual differences psychology to model characteristics of reaction time distributions beyond measures of central tendency. Ex-Gaussian distributions and a diffusion model approach are used to describe individuals' reaction time data. The authors identified common latent factors for each of the 3 ex-Gaussian parameters and for 3 parameters central to the diffusion model using structural equation modeling for a battery of choice reaction tasks. These factors had differential relations to criterion constructs. Parameters reflecting the tail of the distribution (i.e., τ in the ex-Gaussian and drift rate in the diffusion model) were the strongest unique predictors of working memory, reasoning, and psychometric speed. Theories of controlled attention and binding are discussed as potential theoretical explanations.
Dual-tasking postural control. Aging and the effects of cognitive demand in conjunction with focus […]
Huxhold, Oliver; Li, Shu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Brain Research Bulletin | 2006
42114 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Huxhold, Oliver; Li, Shu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman
Titel:
Dual-tasking postural control. Aging and the effects of cognitive demand in conjunction with focus of attention
In:
Brain Research Bulletin, 69 (2006) 3, S. 294-305
DOI:
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.01.002
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0361923006000037
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Abstract:
Postural control in everyday life is generally accompanied by posture-unrelated cognitive activity. Thus, mild forms of dual-tasking postural control are the norm rather than the exception. Based on this consideration and available evidence, we propose and empirically examined, in young and old adults, a non-monotonic, U-shaped relation between the efficacy of postural control and concurrent cognitive demands that reflect opposing trends of the effects of attention focus and attentional resource competition. When instructed to perform an easy cognitive task that presumably shifted the focus of attention away from posture control, the center of body pressure (COP) excursions decreased both in young and older adults relative to a single-task baseline where the focus of attention was explicitly directed towards the postural control task itself. However, when performing more demanding cognitive tasks, older adults showed increased COP displacements, in line with the predicted U-shape function, whereas young adults did not. We outline mechanisms linking postural control to cognitive demand and suggest routes for future investigation.
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