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A boon and a bane. Comparing the effects of prior knowledge on memory across the lifespan
Brod, Garvin; Lee Shing, Yee
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Developmental Psychology | 2019
39745 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brod, Garvin; Lee Shing, Yee
Titel:
A boon and a bane. Comparing the effects of prior knowledge on memory across the lifespan
In:
Developmental Psychology, 55 (2019) 6, S. 1326-1337
DOI:
10.1037/dev0000712
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fdev0000712
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Vorwissen; Wissen; Wirkung; Gedächtnis; Lebensalter; Erinnerung; Fehler; Informationsverarbeitung; Objekt; Raum; Assoziation; Kind; Junger Erwachsener; Alter Mensch; Leistungsfähigkeit; Test; Altersgruppe; Vergleich
Abstract:
We tested 6- to 7-year-olds, 18- to 22-year-olds, and 67- to 74-year-olds on an associative memory task that consisted of knowledge-congruent and knowledge-incongruent object-scene pairs that were highly familiar to all age groups. We compared the 3 age groups on their memory congruency effect (i.e., better memory for knowledge-congruent associations) and on a schema bias score, which measures participants' tendency to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors. We found that prior knowledge similarly benefited memory for items encoded in a congruent context in all age groups. However, for associative memory, older adults and, to a lesser extent, children overrelied on their prior knowledge, as indicated by an enhanced congruency effect and schema bias. Functional MRI (fMRI) performed during memory encoding revealed an age-independent Memory × Congruency interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the magnitude of vmPFC recruitment correlated positively with the schema bias. These findings suggest that older adults are most prone to rely on their prior knowledge for episodic memory decisions, but that children can also rely heavily on prior knowledge that they are well acquainted with. Furthermore, the fMRI results suggest that the vmPFC plays a key role in the assimilation of new information into existing knowledge structures across the entire life span. vmPFC recruitment leads to better memory for knowledge-congruent information but also to a heightened susceptibility to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors, in particular in children and older adults. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Exploring factors underlying children's acquisition and retrieval of sound-symbol association skills
Ehm, Jan-Henning; Lonnemann, Jan; Brandenburg, Janin; Huschka, Sina Simone; Hasselhorn, Marcus; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | 2019
38561 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Ehm, Jan-Henning; Lonnemann, Jan; Brandenburg, Janin; Huschka, Sina Simone; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Lervåg, Arne
Titel:
Exploring factors underlying children's acquisition and retrieval of sound-symbol association skills
In:
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 177 (2019) , S. 86-99
DOI:
10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.006
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096518300389
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Kind; Kindergarten; Lesenlernen; Lautbildung; Assoziation; Symbol; Phonologie; Rechtschreibung; Feedback; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Test; Einsprachigkeit; Bilingualismus; Visuelle Wahrnehmung; Auditive Wahrnehmung; Einflussfaktor; Strukturgleichungsmodell; Regressionsanalyse
Abstract (english):
Letter knowledge is considered an important cognitive foundation for learning to read. The underlying mechanisms of the association between letter knowledge and reading skills are, however, not fully understood. Acquiring letter knowledge depends on the ability to learn and retrieve sound-symbol pairings. In the current study, this process was explored by setting preschool children's (N = 242, mean age = 5.57 years) performance in the acquisition and retrieval of a paired associate learning (PAL) task in relation to their letter knowledge as well as to their performance in tasks assessing precursors of reading skills (i.e., phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, phonological short-term memory, backward recall, and response inhibition). Multiple regression analyses revealed that performance in the acquisition of the PAL task was significantly associated with phonological awareness and backward recall, whereas performance in the retrieval of the PAL task was significantly associated with rapid automatized nam- ing, phonological awareness, and backward recall. Moreover, PAL proved to be mediating the relation between reading precursors and letter knowledge. Together, these findings indicate that the acquisition of letter knowledge may depend on a visual-verbal associative learning mechanism and that different factors contribute to the acquisition and retrieval of such visual-verbal associations. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
The role of cognitive load in university students' comprehension of multiple documents
Hahnel, Carolin; Schoor, Cornelia; Kroehne, Ulf; Goldhammer, Frank; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie | 2019
39546 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Hahnel, Carolin; Schoor, Cornelia; Kroehne, Ulf; Goldhammer, Frank; Mahlow, Nina; Artelt, Cordula
Titel:
The role of cognitive load in university students' comprehension of multiple documents
In:
Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 33 (2019) 2, S. 105-118
DOI:
10.1024/1010-0652/a000238
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237814
URL:
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-237814
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Student; Kognition; Belastung; Verstehen; Dokument; Aufgabe; Schwierigkeit; Problemlösen; Verhalten; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Einflussfaktor; Vorwissen; Text; Quelle; Logdatei; Universität
Abstract:
Die Studie untersucht das Belastungserleben (Cognitive Load) von Studierenden beim Bearbeiten von Aufgaben, die das Verstehen multipler Dokumente erfordern (Multiple Document Comprehension, MDC). Es wurde geprüft, inwiefern die wahrgenommene Aufgabenschwierigkeit und die mentale Anstrengung von 310 Studierenden durch aufgabenspezifische Eigenschaften, individuelle Merkmale und ihr Bearbeitungsverhalten bestimmt werden und darüber hinaus MDC erklären. Für die Aufgabenschwierigkeit wurde gezeigt, dass sie mit der Dokumentenanzahl, der Textlänge, dem Studienniveau sowie der Berücksichtigung von Quellen in Zusammenhang steht. Die mentale Anstrengung wurde durch die Textlänge, das Studienniveau und Bearbeitungszeiten vorhergesagt. Unter Einschluss dieser Variablen als Kovariaten war das Belastungserleben inkrementell prädiktiv für MDC. Die Ergebnisse werden dahingehend diskutiert, wie Arbeitsgedächtnisressourcen den Prozess des Verstehens multipler Dokumente gestalten können. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
The study investigates the cognitive load of students working on tasks that require the comprehension of multiple documents (Multiple Document Comprehension, MDC). In a sample of 310 students, perceived task difficulty (PD) and mental effort (ME) were examined in terms of task characteristics, individual characteristics, and students' processing behavior. Moreover, it was investigated if PD and ME can still contribute to MDC while controlling for these variables. The perceived difficulty of the task was shown to be related to the number of documents, text length, study level, and sourcing. Mental effort was predicted by text length, study level, and processing time. When including these variables as covariates, cognitive load was incrementally predictive of MDC. The results are discussed in terms of how working memory resources can shape the process of comprehending multiple documents. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildungsqualität und Evaluation
Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different […]
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Developmental Psychology | 2019
38831 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Neubauer, Andreas B.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
Momentary working memory performance is coupled with different dimensions of affect for different children: A mixture model analysis of ambulatory assessment data.
In:
Developmental Psychology, 55 (2019) 4, S. 754-766
DOI:
10.1037/dev0000668
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-181292
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Grundschüler; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Leistungsfähigkeit; Tagesablauf; Unterschied; Messung; Wohlbefinden; Affekt; Emotionaler Zustand; Wirkung; Kognitive Prozesse; Umwelteinfluss; Einflussfaktor; Faktorenanalyse
Abstract (english):
Elementary schoolchildren's working memory performance (WMP) fluctuates from moment to moment and day to day, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, affective states were investigated as predictors of these fluctuations. Interindividual differences in the intraindividual affect-WMP associations were expected, and their structure was explored. One hundred nine children (8-11 years) were investigated in an ambulatory assessment. Affective states (positive affect [PA], negative affect [NA], activation, deactivation) and WMP were assessed 3 times daily for up to 31 consecutive days. In the whole sample, WMP was lower at occasions with higher NA or deactivation, while there was no overall effect of PA or activation. Results of a mixture model analysis revealed meaningful heterogeneity in these effects: Approximately half of the children showed comparably weaker effects of affect on WMP, while the other three groups showed (1) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation; (2) a comparably stronger positive effect of activation; or (3) comparably stronger negative effects of NA and deactivation and stronger positive effects of PA and activation. Findings emphasize the importance of explicitly considering interindividual differences in intraindividual associations. They are discussed in the context of current frameworks of interindividual differences in environmental sensitivity. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
How can we create optimal learning conditions? First, we must recognize that the answer will vary
Neubauer, Andreas B.
Verschiedenartige Dokumente
| 2019
39034 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Neubauer, Andreas B.
Titel:
How can we create optimal learning conditions? First, we must recognize that the answer will vary
Erscheinungsvermerk:
Zürich: Jacobs Foundation, 2019 (BOLD: Blog on Learning & Development)
URL:
https://bold.expert/how-can-we-create-optimal-learning-conditions/
Dokumenttyp:
5. Arbeits- und Diskussionspapiere; Arbeits- und Diskussionspapier (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Lernbedingungen; Lernen; Lernerfolg; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Leistungsfähigkeit; Einflussfaktor; Leistungsmessung; Verfahren
Abstract:
We know from our own experience that not all days are alike. On some days we feel energetic, determined, and able to concentrate, while on others we are tired, worried, and unable to think straight. This is true of children as well. Fluctuations in their state of mind affect learning, and understanding where these fluctuations come from can help us create optimal learning conditions. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Learning and Instruction | 2018
38340 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brod, Garvin; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Bunge, Silvia
Titel:
When generating a prediction boosts learning. The element of surprise
In:
Learning and Instruction, 55 (2018) , S. 22-31
DOI:
10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.013
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-161029
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Wissenserwerb; Gedächtnis; Prognose; Geografie; Fußball; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Erwartung; Feedback; Verhalten; Messverfahren; Wirkung; Lernen
Abstract:
Using both behavioral and eye-tracking methodology, we tested whether and how asking students to generate predictions is an efficient technique to improve learning. In particular, we designed two tasks to test whether the surprise induced by outcomes that violate expectations enhances learning. Data from the first task revealed that asking participants to generate predictions, as compared to making post hoc evaluations, facilitated acquisition of geography knowledge. Pupillometry measurements revealed that expectancy-violating outcomes led to a surprise response only when a prediction was made beforehand, and that the strength of this response was positively related to the amount of learning. Data from the second task demonstrated that making predictions about the outcomes of soccer matches specifically improved memory for expectancy-violating events. These results suggest that a specific benefit of making predictions in learning contexts is that it creates the opportunity for the learner to be surprised. Implications for theory and educational practice are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Neuropsychologia | 2018
38341 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Brod, Garvin; Shing, Yee Lee
Titel:
Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation
In:
Neuropsychologia, 111 (2018) , S. 8-15
DOI:
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.005
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-dipfdocs-161012
URL:
http://www.dipfdocs.de/volltexte/2019/16101/pdf/Brod_Specifying_the_role_of_the_ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex_2018_A.pdf
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Gedächtnis; Wissenserwerb; Wissen; Informationsverarbeitung; Kognitive Prozesse; Leistungsfähigkeit; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Erinnerung; Test; Verfahren; Neurowissenschaften
Abstract:
Recent neuroimaging research suggests that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an important role for successful memory formation that takes place in the context of activated prior knowledge. These findings led to the notion that the vmPFC integrates new information into existing knowledge structures. However, a considerable number of neuroimaging studies that have investigated memory formation in the context of prior knowledge have not found vmPFC involvement. To resolve this inconsistency, we propose a distinction between knowledge-relevance (the degree to which new information can be linked to prior knowledge) and knowledge-congruency (the perceived match between prior knowledge and the to-be-encoded information). We hypothesized that the vmPFC contributes to successful memory formation only when perceived knowledge-congruency is high, independent of knowledge-relevance. We tested this hypothesis in a design that varied both congruency and relevance during memory encoding, which was performed in the MR scanner. As predicted, the results showed that vmPFC contributions to memory formation vary as a function of knowledge-congruency, but not as a function of knowledge-relevance. Our finding contributes to elucidating the seemingly inconsistent findings in the literature and helps to specify the role of the vmPFC in memory formation. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Variability in the precision of children's spatial working memory
Galeano Weber, Elena M.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Journal of Intelligence | 2018
38229 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Galeano Weber, Elena M.; Dirk, Judith; Schmiedek, Florian
Titel:
Variability in the precision of children's spatial working memory
In:
Journal of Intelligence, 6 (2018) 1, S. 8
DOI:
10.3390/jintelligence6010008
URL:
http://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/6/1/8
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Schüler; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Raumvorstellung; Leistung; Kognitive Entwicklung; Aufgabe; Smartphone; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Frankfurt a.M.
Abstract (english):
Cognitive modeling studies in adults have established that visual working memory (WM) capacity depends on the representational precision, as well as its variability from moment to moment. By contrast, visuospatial WM performance in children has been typically indexed by response accuracy-a binary measure that provides less information about precision with which items are stored. Here, we aimed at identifying whether and how children's WM performance depends on the spatial precision and its variability over time in real-world contexts. Using smartphones, 110 Grade 3 and Grade 4 students performed a spatial WM updating task three times a day in school and at home for four weeks. Measures of spatial precision (i.e. Euclidean distance between presented and reported location) were used for hierarchical modeling to estimate variability of spatial precision across different time scales. Results demonstrated considerable within-person variability in spatial precision across items within trials, from trial to trial and from occasion to occasion within days and from day to day. In particular, item-to-item variability was systematically increased with memory load and lowered with higher grade. Further, children with higher precision variability across items scored lower in measures of fluid intelligence. These findings emphasize the important role of transient changes in spatial precision for the development of WM. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Development of working memory from grade 3 to 5. Differences between children with and without […]
Klesczewski, Julia; Brandenburg, Janin; Fischbach, Anne; Schuchardt, Kirsten; Grube, Dietmar; […]
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: International Journal of Disability, Development and Education | 2018
38136 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Klesczewski, Julia; Brandenburg, Janin; Fischbach, Anne; Schuchardt, Kirsten; Grube, Dietmar; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Büttner, Gerhard
Titel:
Development of working memory from grade 3 to 5. Differences between children with and without mathematical learning difficulties
In:
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65 (2018) 5, S. 509-525
DOI:
10.1080/1034912X.2017.1419555
URN:
urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-167551
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-167551
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwörter:
Datenanalyse; Empirische Untersuchung; Deutschland; Kind; Lernschwierigkeit; Rechenschwierigkeit; Arbeitsgedächtnis; Entwicklung; Test; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren; Regelschule; Schuljahr 03; Schuljahr 04; Schuljahr 05; Längsschnittuntersuchung
Abstract (english):
Based on the finding that children with mathematical learning difficulties (MLD) have deficits in working memory (WM), the question arises as to whether these children differ from typical learners only in the level or also in the developmental trajectories of WM functioning. To this end, the WM of 80 children with MLD and 71 typical learners was assessed longitudinally from third to fifth grade. Typical learners outperformed children with MLD in the phonological, visuospatial and central executive WM functioning in third grade. Latent change analyses indicated that both phonological and central executive WM functioning developed in a parallel pattern in children with MLD and in typical learners. In contrast, visuospatial WM functioning revealed a different development in children with and without MLD since the gap between both groups decreased over time. Overall, despite starting at a lower level, the WM functioning in children with MLD did not develop more slowly. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
Leseentwicklung im Grundschulalter. Kognitive Grundlagen und Risikofaktoren
Nagler, Telse; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Zeitschriftenbeitrag
| In: Lernen und Lernstörungen | 2018
37776 Endnote
Autor*innen:
Nagler, Telse; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus
Titel:
Leseentwicklung im Grundschulalter. Kognitive Grundlagen und Risikofaktoren
In:
Lernen und Lernstörungen, 7 (2018) 1, S. 33-44
DOI:
10.1024/2235-0977/a000185
URL:
http://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1024/2235-0977/a000185
Dokumenttyp:
3a. Beiträge in begutachteten Zeitschriften; Aufsatz (keine besondere Kategorie)
Sprache:
Deutsch
Schlagwörter:
Arbeitsgedächtnis; Einflussfaktor; Empirische Forschung; Genetik; Grundschulalter; Informationsverarbeitung; Kind; Kognitive Entwicklung; Lesegeschwindigkeit; Lesekompetenz; Lesen; Lesenlernen; Lesestörung; Metaanalyse; Phonologie; Rechtschreibung; Risikokind; Sprachentwicklung; Umwelteinfluss
Abstract:
In dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit werden die zentralen Faktoren des Leseerwerbs beschrieben und empirische Forschungsergebnisse aus aktuellen Meta-Analysen, Reviews und Längsschnittstudien zusammengetragen. Dabei wird zunächst die frühe Leseentwicklung mit Bezug zum Phasenmodell von Frith (1985, 1986) fokussiert und der Leseprozess anhand des Dual-Route Modells von Coltheart (1978) erläutert. Des Weiteren wird auf die problematische Leseentwicklung eingegangen und Risikofaktoren auf genetischer sowie neurokognitiver Ebene beschrieben. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse zu Risikofaktoren bezüglich der kognitiven Verarbeitung, der Sprachentwicklung sowie prä- und postnatale Umwelteinflüsse präsentiert. Abschließend werden kritische Anmerkungen und weiterführende Ausblicke diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.)
Abstract (english):
This narrative review addresses the complex operation of reading acquisition. Focusing on empirical research and meta-analytic insights, early reading development is depicted. Furthermore, the reading process is illustrated referring to the dual-route model and difficulties in reading acquisition are described and explained. Empirical data concerning reading relevant genetic and neurocognitive risk factors are presented. Risk factors regarding individual cognitive processing as well as developmental language disorders and pre- and postnatal complications are outlined. Shortcomings and perspectives are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)
DIPF-Abteilung:
Bildung und Entwicklung
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